Mathew Brady

Mathew Brady
Mathew Brady in 1875
Born	ca. 1822 Warren County, New York, US
Died	January 15, 1896(1896-01-15) New York City, New York
Occupation	Photographer, photojournalist
Nationality	American
Spouse(s)	Juliette Handy Brady
Signature

Note: Mathew B. Brady's name contains a single "t". For persons named Matthew Brady, see Matthew Brady (disambiguation).

Mathew B. Brady (ca. 1822 – January 15, 1896) was one of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and his documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of photojournalism.^[1]

Early years

Brady was born in Warren County, New York, the youngest of three children^[2] of Irish immigrant parents, Andrew and Julia Brady. At age 16 he moved to Saratoga, New York, where he met famed portrait painter William Page. Brady became Page's student. In 1839 the two traveled to Albany, New York, and then to New York City, where Brady continued to study painting with Page, and also with Page's former teacher, Samuel F. B. Morse.^[3] Morse had met Louis Jacques Daguerre in France in 1839, and returned to the US to enthusiastically push the new daguerrotype invention of capturing images. He soon became the center of the New York artistic colony who wished to study photography. He opened a studio and offered classes; Brady was one of the first students.^[4] In 1844 Brady opened his own photography studio in New York, and by 1845 he began to exhibit his portraits of famous Americans. He opened a studio in Washington, D.C. in 1849, where he met Juliet (whom everybody called 'Julia') Handy, whom he married in 1851.^[5] Brady's early images were daguerreotypes, and he won many awards for his work; in the 1850s ambrotype photography became popular, which gave way to the albumen print, a paper photograph produced from large glass negatives most commonly used in the American Civil War photography. In 1850 Brady produced The Gallery of Illustrious Americans, a portrait collection of prominent contemporary figures. The album, which featured noteworthy images including the elderly Andrew Jackson at the Hermitage, was not financially rewarding but invited increased attention to Brady’s work and artistry.^[3] In 1859, Parisian photographer André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri popularized the carte de visite and these small pictures (the size of a visiting card) rapidly became a popular novelty as thousands of these images were created and sold in the United States and Europe.

In 1856 Brady created the first modern advertisement when he placed an ad in the New York Herald paper offering to produce "photographs, ambrotypes and daguerreotypes."^[6] His ads were the first whose typeface and fonts were distinct from the text of the publication and from that of other advertisements.^[7]

Civil War documentation

Mathew Brady (wearing straw hat), with General Ambrose Burnside (reading newspaper), taken while Burnside was in command of the Army of the Potomac, early in 1863, after his ill-fated attack on Fredericksburg

At first, the effect of the Civil War on Brady's business was a brisk increase in sales of cartes de visite to transient soldiers. However, he was soon taken with the idea of documenting the war itself. He first applied for permission to travel to the battle sites to an old friend, General Winfield Scott, and eventually he made his application to President Lincoln himself. Lincoln granted permission in 1861 with the proviso that Brady finance the project himself.^[8] His efforts to document the American Civil War on a grand scale by bringing his photographic studio right onto the battlefields earned Brady his place in history. Despite the obvious dangers, financial risk, and discouragement of his friends, Brady is later quoted as saying "I had to go. A spirit in my feet said 'Go,' and I went." His first popular photographs of the conflict were at the First Battle of Bull Run, in which he got so close to the action that he barely avoided capture.

Mathew Brady upon his return from the First Battle of Bull Run, wearing a saber given to him for defense by New York Fire Zouaves^[9]

He employed Alexander Gardner, James Gardner^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Timothy H. O'Sullivan, William Pywell, George N. Barnard, Thomas C. Roche, and seventeen other men, each of whom was given a traveling darkroom, to go out and photograph scenes from the Civil War. Brady generally stayed in Washington, D.C., organizing his assistants and rarely visited battlefields personally. This may have been due, at least in part, to the fact that Brady's eyesight had begun to deteriorate in the 1850s.

In October 1862 Brady opened an exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam in his New York gallery titled "The Dead of Antietam." Many images in this presentation were graphic photographs of corpses, a presentation new to America. This was the first time that many Americans saw the realities of war in photographs as distinct from previous "artists' impressions".

Following the conflict a war-weary public lost interest in seeing photos of the war, and Brady’s popularity and practice declined drastically.

Later years and death

Brady, just before his death

During the war, Brady spent over $100,000 to create over 10,000 plates. He expected the U.S. government to buy the photographs when the war ended, but when the government refused to do so he was forced to sell his New York City studio and go into bankruptcy. Congress granted Brady $25,000 in 1875, but he remained deeply in debt. Depressed by his financial situation, loss of eyesight and devastated by the death of his wife in 1887, he became very lonely. He died penniless in the charity ward of Presbyterian Hospital in New York City on January 15, 1896, from complications following a streetcar accident.

Brady's funeral was financed by veterans of the 7th New York Infantry. He was buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Levin Corbin Handy, Brady's nephew by marriage, took over Brady's photography business after his death.

Legacy and people photographed

Photograph of Abraham Lincoln taken by Brady on February 27, 1860 in New York City, the day of Lincoln's Cooper Union speech

Grave of Mathew Brady

Brady photographed 18 of the 19 American Presidents from John Quincy Adams to William McKinley. The exception was the 9th President, William Henry Harrison, who died in office three years before Brady started his Photographic Collection.

The thousands of photographs which Mathew Brady took have become the most important visual documentation of the Civil War, and have helped historians better understand the era.

Brady photographed and made portraits of many senior Union officers in the war, including Ulysses S. Grant, Nathaniel Banks, Don Carlos Buell, Ambrose Burnside, Benjamin Butler, Joshua Chamberlain, George Custer, David Farragut, John Gibbon, Winfield Hancock, Samuel P. Heintzelman, Joseph Hooker, Oliver Howard, David Hunter, John A. Logan, Irvin McDowell, George McClellan, James McPherson, George Meade, Montgomery C. Meigs, David Dixon Porter, William Rosecrans, John Schofield, William Sherman, Daniel Sickles, Henry Warner Slocum, George Stoneman, Edwin V. Sumner, George Thomas, Emory Upton, James Wadsworth, and Lew Wallace.

On the Confederate side, Brady photographed Jefferson Davis, P. G. T. Beauregard, Stonewall Jackson, James Longstreet, Lord Lyons, James Henry Hammond, and Robert E. Lee (Lee's first session with Brady was in 1845 as a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, his final after the war in Richmond, Virginia).

Abraham Lincoln, Issue of 1869. The image of this postage issue of 1869 was modeled after a photo taken by Mathew Brady.

Brady photographed Abraham Lincoln on many occasions. His Lincoln photographs have been used for the $5 dollar bill and the Lincoln penny. One of his Lincoln photos was used by the National Bank Note Company as a model for the engraving on the 90c Lincoln Postage issue of 1869.^[10]

Brady can be considered a pioneer in the orchestration of a "corporate credit line." In this practice, every image produced in his gallery was labeled “Photo by Brady;” however, Brady dealt directly with only the most distinguished subjects and most portrait sessions were carried out by others.^[11]

As perhaps the best-known US photographer in the 19th century, it was Brady's name that came to be attached to the era's heavy specialized end tables which were factory-made specifically for use by portrait photographers. Such a "Brady stand" of the mid-19th century typically had a weighty cast iron base for stability, plus an adjustable-height single-column pipe leg for dual use as either a portrait model's armrest or (when fully extended and fitted with a brace attachment rather than the usual tabletop) as a neckrest. The latter was often needed to keep models steady during the longer exposure times of early photography. While Brady stand is a convenient term for these trade-specific articles of studio equipment, there is no proven connection between Brady himself and the Brady stand's invention circa 1855.^[12]

Mid-19th century "Brady stand" photo model's armrest table

Brady produced over seven thousand pictures (mostly two negatives of each). One set "after undergoing extraordinary vicissitudes," came into U.S. government possession. His own negatives passed in the 1870s to E. & H.T. Anthony, of New York, in default of payment for photographic supplies. They "were kicked about from pillar to post" for ten years, until John C. Taylor found them in an attic and bought them; from this they became "the backbone of the Ordway-Rand collection; and in 1895 Brady himself had no idea of what had become of them. Many were broken, lost, or destroyed by fire. After passing to various other owners, they were discovered and appreciated by Edward Bailey Eaton," who set in motion "events that led to their importance as the nucleus of a collection of Civil War photos published in 1912 as The Photographic History of the Civil War.^[13]

Some of the lost images are mentioned in the last episode of Ken Burns' 1990 documentary on the Civil War. Burns claims that glass plate negatives were often sold to gardeners, not for their images, but for the glass itself to be used in greenhouses and cold frames. In the years that followed the end of the war , the sun slowly burned away their filmy images and they were lost.^[14]

Civil War photos

Soldier guarding arsenal Washington DC, 1862

Mathew Brady took thousands of photos of American Civil War scenes. Much of what is known today about the Civil War comes from these photos. There are thousands of photos in the National Archives taken by Brady and his associates, Alexander Gardner, George Barnard, and Timothy O'Sullivan. The photographs include Lincoln, Grant, and common soldiers in camps and battlefields. The images provide a pictorial cross reference of American Civil War history. Brady was not able to photograph actual battle scenes as the photographic equipment in those days was still in the infancy of its development and required that a subject be still in order for a clear photo to be produced.^[15]

See also

• Photographers of the American Civil War

References

1. ^ Horan, James D. (1988-12-12). Mathew Brady: Historian With a Camera. New York: Random House. ISBN 0517001047. 
2. ^ Pritzker, Barry (1992). Mathew Brady. East Bridgewater: JG Press. ISBN 1572153423. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Zoe C. Smith, “Brady, Mathew B.,” American National Biography Online, (February 2000) (25 January 2009).
4. ^ The tuition was fifty dollars, which Brady earned by working as a clerk for department store tycoon Alexander Turney Stewart.
5. ^ The couple had no children, but lavished their attention on Julia's nephew, Levin Handy, who would continue to run Brady's studio after Brady's death.
6. ^ Volo, James M. (2004). The Antebellum Period. Greenwood Press. p. 106. ISBN 0313325189. http://books.google.com/books?q=Matthew+Brady+broke+through+newspaper+industry+prohibitions+&btnG=Search+Books. 
7. ^ Emergence of Advertising in America, 1850–1920 – Duke Libraries. Library.duke.edu (2010-03-16). Retrieved 2 September 2011
8. ^ Pritzker
9. ^ Although Brady was photographed wearing a sword under his linen duster and claimed to have received the weapon at First Bull Run from the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment—see Miller's Photographic History of the Civil War Vol 1 p. 31—there is doubt as to whether he took pictures at the battle. See Frassantito's Antietam (reference only).
10. ^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Arago.si.edu (2006-05-16). Retrieved 2 September 2011
11. ^ Zoe C. Smith, “Brady, Mathew B.,” American National Biography Online, (February 2000) <http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-00096.html> (25 January 2009).
12. ^ Macy, et al, "Macy Photographic Studio's Dispatch, The", Northampton MA, Spring-Summer 1913, pp. 2–3
13. ^ The Photographic History of the Civil War, in Ten Volumes, Francis Trevelyan Miller, editor-in-chief, and Robert S. Lanier, Managing Editor, The Review of Reviews Co., New York, 1912, p. 52
14. ^ Kinship of the soul – 1993 Commencement address by filmmaker Ken Burns, University of Delaware Messenger — Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 6, Summer 1993. Accessed June 2011
15. ^ The National Archives. "INGERSOLL, Jared, (1749–1822)". US Government: National Archives. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brady-photos/. Retrieved 1 November 2010. 

• Panzer, Mary (1997). Mathew Brady and the Image of History. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-143-7.  LCC TR140.B7 P36 1997

External links

• MathewBrady.com
• Mathew Brady biography at American Memory of the Library of Congress
  • Selected Civil War photographs by Brady and his contemporaries at American Memory
• Mathew Brady Photographs More than 6,000 photographs available in the Archival Research Catalog of the National Archives and Records Administration
• Mathew Brady's World – biography, timeline and analysis of Brady's work at the Smithsonian Institution
  • Mathew Brady's portraits at the National Portrait Gallery
• "Mathew Brady". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=128. Retrieved 2009-05-13. 
• Mathew Brady's Civil War Landscapes – slideshow by Life magazine

Persondata
Name	Brady, Mathew B.
Alternative names
Short description	American photographer
Date of birth	ca. 1822
Place of birth	Warren County, New York
Date of death	1896-01-15
Place of death	Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, New York