National Archives and Records Administration

National Archives and Records Administration
NARA
Seal
National Archives logo
Agency overview
Formed	1934 (Independent Agency April 1, 1985)[1]
Preceding agency	National Archives and Records Service (GSA)
Jurisdiction	Federal government of the United States
Headquarters	700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.
Employees	2,462 (2009)[2]
Agency executives	David Ferriero, Archivist[3] Debra Wall, Deputy Archivist[4]
Website
www.archives.gov

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives.^[5] NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The chief administrator of NARA, the Archivist of the United States, not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.

History

Rotunda of the National Archives Building

Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in the loss and destruction of records. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as its chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated into the General Services Administration in 1949, but in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).

Most of the documents in the care of NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, some documents that have come into the care of NARA from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements.^[6] NARA also stores classified documents and its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.

NARA's holdings are classified into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. The records include paper records, microfilmed records, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.

Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for research in genealogy. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, as well as ships passenger lists and naturalization records.

The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC), the agency's grant-making arm, awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.

2006 controversy over reclassification

Main article: U.S. reclassification program

In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process.^[7] An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999, did not contain sensitive information.^[8]

Security

In 2011, a retired employee pled guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives.^[9][10][11] Archival Recovery Teams investigate stolen records. ^[12]

Facilities and exhibition

National Archives Building

Main article: National Archives Building

The National Archives Building from Constitution Avenue.

The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., opened as its original headquarters in 1935. It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I.^[13] These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts.

Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of digital cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce. As a result, all filming, photographing, and videotaping by the public in the exhibition areas has been prohibited since February 25, 2010.^[14]

National Archives at College Park

NARA facility near the University of Maryland, College Park.

Because of space constraints, NARA opened a second facility, known informally as Archives II, in 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park campus (8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001). Largely because of this proximity, NARA and the University of Maryland engage in cooperative initiatives.^[15] The College Park campus includes an archaeological site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.^[16]

Affiliated facilities

The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records, ships' passenger lists, military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine-American War, records of the Confederate government, the Freedmen's Bureau records, and pension and land records.

There are also ten Affiliated Archives^[17] locations across the U.S. which hold, by formal, written agreement with NARA,^[18] accessioned records.

• University of North Texas Libraries, Denton, Texas
• U.S. Military Academy Archives, West Point, New York
• William W. Jeffries Memorial Archives, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
• HABS/HAER Division, National Park Service, Washington, DC
• Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
• Pennsylvania State Archives, Bureau of Archives and History, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
• Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
• State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico
• U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
• Yellowstone National Park Archives, Wyoming

Regional facilities

There are fourteen facilities across the country with research rooms and archival holdings and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region, and two major facilities in St. Louis, Missouri which comprise the National Personnel Records Center.^[19]

• Anchorage, Alaska - Pacific Alaska Region
• Laguna Niguel, California, Pacific Region
• San Francisco (located in San Bruno, California), Pacific Region
• Denver, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Region
• Atlanta, Georgia, Southeast Region
• Chicago, Illinois, Great Lakes Region
• Boston, Massachusetts, Northeast Region
• Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Northeast Region, microfilm research room
• Kansas City, Missouri
• St. Louis, Missouri, National Personnel Records Center^[20]
• New York City, New York, Northeast Region
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mid Atlantic Region
• Fort Worth, Texas, Southwest Region
• Seattle, Washington, Pacific Alaska Region
• Valmeyer, Illinois, National Personnel Records Center

Presidential libraries

NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include:

• Herbert Hoover Presidential Library in West Branch, Iowa
• Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library in Hyde Park, New York
• Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas
• John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston, Massachusetts
• Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas
• Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, California
• Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan
• Jimmy Carter Presidential Library in Atlanta, Georgia
• Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California
• George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas
• William J. Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas
• George W. Bush Presidential Library in Dallas, Texas

Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the William McKinley, Rutherford Hayes, Calvin Coolidge, Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

The broad range of material which NARA preserves at the Presidential libraries is exemplified by the President's VH-3A "Sea King" helicopter at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.

Public-private partnerships

In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public-private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is

...an important step for the National Archives to achieve its goal of becoming an archive without walls. Our new strategic plan emphasizes the importance of providing access to records anytime, anywhere. This is one of many initiatives that we are launching to make our goal a reality. For the first time, the public will be able to view this collection of rare and unusual films on the Internet."

^[21]

On 10 January 2007, the National Archives and Footnote^[22] launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm" and "would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records."^[23]

In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would "...reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives." Adding, "While the public can come to our College Park, MD research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, DC area." The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.^[24]

Social Media and Web 2.0

The National Archives currently utilizes social media and Web 2.0 technologies in attempt to better communicate with the public.^[25]

On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel "to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people."^[26] Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public.^[27] A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The website^[28] features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. The site also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.

In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia. See WP:GLAM/NARA.

Archivist of the United States

Further information: Archivist of the United States

The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

On July 28, 2009, President Obama nominated David Ferriero of New York to be 10th Archivist of the United States.^[29] He was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 6, 2009.^[3] He was sworn in as Archivist on November 13, 2009.^[30]

Popular culture

The archives feature in the first National Treasure film, in which Ben and Riley attempt to steal the Declaration of Independance.

See also

• 1973 National Archives Fire
• Sandy Berger, National Security Advisor to President Bill Clinton, pled guilty to 2004 theft in Archives
• Digital preservation
• Electronic Records Archives
• Library of Congress Digital Library project
• National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
• National Security Archive
• White House Millennium Council (time capsule)
• U.S. Constitution, civic religion, shrine

Notes

1. ^ "Archival Milestones". National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/about/history/milestones.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
2. ^ "Strategic Human Capital Plan 2009-2014". archives.gov. 2009. http://www.archives.gov/about/plans-reports/strategic-plan/human-capital/index.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "David Ferriero Confirmed by U.S. Senate as 10th Archivist of the United States" (Press release). National Archives and Records Administration. 06 November 2008. http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2010/nr10-18.html. Retrieved 2009-11-10. 
4. ^ "Meet our Senior Staff". archives.gov. http://www.archives.gov/about/organization/senior-staff/index.html. Retrieved 2011-08-23. 
5. ^ "What's an Archives". archives.gov. http://www.archives.gov/about/info/whats-an-archives.html. Retrieved 2011-01-26. .
6. ^ "Copyright, Permissions and Restrictions Notice". archives.gov. http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/privacy.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
7. ^ "Secret Agreement Reveals Covert Program to Hide Reclassification from Public". National Security Archive. 11 April 2006. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20060411/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
8. ^ Scott Shane (April 27, 2006). "National Archives Says Records Were Wrongly Classified". http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/27/washington/27archives.html?ref=nationalarchivesandrecordsadministration. 
9. ^ Tricia Bishop (October 04, 2011). "National Archives employee pleads guilty to stealing recordings". The Baltimore Sun. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-10-04/news/bs-md-government-property-thefts-20111004_1_national-archives-employee-jason-savedoff-plea-agreement. 
10. ^ http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Guilty-Plea-in-National-Archives-Thefts-131063748.html
11. ^ http://www.npr.org/2011/10/09/141192267/ex-employee-caught-putting-national-archives-on-ebay
12. ^ Faye Fiore (August 08, 2010). "Guardians of the nation's attic". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/08/nation/la-na-treasure-hunters-nu-20100809. 
13. ^ "Featured Document: The Magna Carta". http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta/. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
14. ^ "National Archives Announces New Ban on Photography" (Press release). archives.gov. 26 January 2010. http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2010/nr10-53.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
15. ^ archives.org "Conference SponsorsNational Archives and Records Administration - University of Maryland Program Coordinating Committee". http://www.archives.gov/era/presentations/innovations/it-conference-sponsors.html archives.org. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
16. ^ "National Archives Site". National Park Service. 22 August 1996. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/96000901.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
17. ^ archives.gov
18. ^ "Affiliated Archives". Archives.gov. http://www.archives.gov/locations/affiliated-archives.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
19. ^ "Regional Archives". National Archives. http://www.archives.gov/locations/regional-archives.html. Retrieved 20 November 2009. 
20. ^ http://www.newsmax.com/US/national-archives-service-records/2011/10/11/id/413953
21. ^ "National Archives and Google Launch Pilot Project to Digitize and Offer Historic Films Online" (Press release). archives.gov. 24 February 2006. http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2006/nr06-64.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
22. ^ footnote.com
23. ^ "National Archives and Footnote Launch Project to Digitize Historic Documents" (Press release). archives.gov. 10 January 2007. http://archives.gov/press/press-releases/2007/nr07-41.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
24. ^ "Thousands of National Archives Films to Be Made Available Through CustomFlix Labs" (Press release). archives.gov. 27 July 2007. http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2007/nr07-122.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
25. ^ "Social Media and Web 2.0 at the National Archives". http://www.archives.gov/social-media/. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
26. ^ "National Archives Launches YouTube Channel" (Press release). archives.gov. 18 June 2009. http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2009/nr09-95.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
27. ^ "National Archives Photos on Flickr: FAQs". http://www.archives.gov/social-media/flickr-faqs.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 
28. ^ docsteach.org
29. ^ Office of the Press Secretary (July 28, 2009). "Presidential Nominations sent to the Senate, 7-28-09". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Presidential-Nominations-sent-to-the-Senate-7-28-09/. Retrieved 2009-07-29. 
30. ^ "David S. Ferriero Sworn in as 10th Archivist of the United States" (Press release). archives.gov. 13 November 2009. http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2010/nr10-23.html. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 

References

• Beschloss, Michael. (2006). Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives, New York: Oxford University Press. 10-ISBN 0-195-30959-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-195-30959-1

External links

• National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Official Site
• Archival Research Catalog of the National Archives and Records Administration
• Outdoor sculpture at the National Archives building
• NARA on Footnote.com
• National Archives and Records Administration at FamilySearch Research Wiki for genealogists
• National Archives and Records Administration's Our Archives wiki, which provides information both about NARA and also about the records held at NARA
• "Sixty-Ton Statue is Carved from a Single Slab of Stone" Popular Mechanics, August 1935 statue Gladiator commissioned for the main national archive building in Washington DC in 1935
• "Ten Ton Door Made of Bronze is Thirty Five Feet High" Popular Mechanics, October 1934, bottom of pg. 519