Sandy Berger

Infobox Officeholder
name = Samuel Richard Berger


imagesize =
small

caption =
order = 19th United States National Security Advisor
term_start = 1997
term_end = 2001
president = Bill Clinton
predecessor = Anthony Lake
successor = Condoleezza Rice
birth_date = birth date and age|1945|10|28
birth_place = Millerton, New York
death_date =
death_place =
constituency =
party = Democratic
spouse = Susan Berger
children = 3
profession = Foreign Policy Advisor, Campaign Advisor, Lobbying
education =
religion =


footnotes =

Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (born October 28, 1945) served as the 19th United States National Security Advisor under President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001. In his position, he helped to formulate the foreign policy of the Clinton Administration. During this time he advised the President regarding the Khobar Towers bombing, Operation Desert Fox, the NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, responses to the terrorist bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, and the administration's policy of engagement with the People's Republic of China.Apple Jr., R. W., [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F15F8345C0C768EDDA10894D1494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fB%2fBerger%2c%20Samuel%20R%2e "A Domestic Sort With Global Worries"] , "New York Times", August 25, 1999] He was also one of the prominent actors of the Camp David 2000 Summit.

Before joining the administration Berger had worked as an international trade attorney. Currently, he is chairman of an international advisory firm and chairman of the board of an international investment fund. Living in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C., he is married to Susan Berger and has three children (two daughters and one son).

In April 2005, Berger pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of unauthorized removal and retention of classified material from the National Archives in Washington. According to the lead prosecutor in the case Berger only took copies of classified information, and no original material was destroyed.

Berger served as a foreign policy adviser to Senator Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign. [ [http://www.ethicsscoreboard.com/list/berger2.html Hillary Clinton's Advisor ] ]

Early life

Originally from Millerton, New York where his parents ran an Army-Navy store (and born in nearby Sharon, Connecticut), Berger earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell University in 1967 and his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Harvard Law School in 1971. At Cornell, Berger was a member of the Quill and Dagger society with Paul Wolfowitz and Stephen Hadley. Opposed to the Vietnam War, Berger began working for Senator George McGovern's presidential campaign in 1972. While there, he met Bill Clinton, forming a friendship that would last for decades. Berger later urged Clinton to run for president.Ahrens, Frank, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/iraq/keyplayers/berger022498.htm "The Reluctant Warrior"] , "Washington Post", February 24, 1998]

After the McGovern campaign, Berger gained experience working in a variety of government posts, including serving as Special Assistant to former New York City Mayor John Lindsay and Legislative Assistant to former U.S. Senator Harold Hughes of Iowa and Congressman Joseph Resnick of New York. He was also Deputy Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. State Department from 1977 to 1980 under Secretary of State Cyrus Vance during the Carter administration. [http://www.stonebridge-international.com/bios/bio01.html Stonebridge website] , Retrieved: January 10, 2007]

After leaving the State Department, Berger went on to join the law firm Hogan & Hartson where he helped expand the firm's international law practice. As a partner, he opened the firm's first two international offices, in London and Brussels.Ahrens, Frank, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/iraq/keyplayers/berger022498.htm "The Reluctant Warrior"] , "Washington Post", February 24, 1998] "Sandy Berger," Nancy Pelosi said in 1997 prior to becoming Speaker of the House, "was the point person at... Hogan & Hartson... for the trade office of the Chinese government. He was a lawyer-lobbyist."Hentoff, Nat, [http://users.aol.com/beachbt/genchi.txt "Dinner With Gen. Chi"] , "Washington Post", January 26, 1997]

Clinton administration

Berger served as Senior Foreign Policy Advisor to Governor Clinton during the campaign, and as Assistant Transition Director for National Security of the 1992 Clinton-Gore Transition. During Clinton's first term of office (1993-1997), Berger served as deputy national security advisor, under Anthony Lake in the National Security Council. In Clinton's second term of office, Berger succeeded Lake as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1997 to 2001.

Post-government

After leaving the Clinton administration, Berger became chairman of Stonebridge International, an international advisory firm he co-founded in 2001 which focuses on aiding companies in their expansion into markets such as Brazil, China, India, and Russia. [http://www.stonebridge-international.com/bios/bio01.html Stonebridge website] , Retrieved: January 10, 2007] Berger is also Chairman of the DB Zwirn Global Advisory Board, an international investment fund and merchant capital provider founded in 2001 and with offices throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Schurr, Stephen, [http://www.stonebridge-international.com/press/news010.html "DB Zwirn hires Clinton aide"] , Financial Times, March 15, 2006] Berger is an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. He also serves on the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Doha Center.

In late 2003, Berger was called to testify before the 9/11 Commission regarding steps taken against terrorism during his tenure and the information he provided to his successor, Condoleezza Rice. At the time, Berger was also acting as an informal foreign policy advisor to Senator John Kerry during his campaign for the presidency. He quit his advisory role after controversy arose regarding his preparations for testifying before the September 11 committee. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/07/19/national/main630625.shtml "Sandy Berger Quits Kerry Team"] , CBSNews.com, July 20, 2004]

Berger currently serves on the Advisory Board of the National Security Network.

Controversy

tock ownership

In November 1997, Berger paid a $23,000 civil penalty to settle conflict of interest allegations stemming from his failure to sell his stock of Amoco Corporation as ordered by the White House. Berger was advised by the White House to sell the stock in early 1994. Berger said he had planned to sell the stock, but then forgot. He denied knowingly participating in decisions in which he had a financial interest. With no evidence that Berger intended to break the law, the U.S. Justice Department determined a civil penalty was adequate for a "non-willful violation" of the conflict of interest law. [http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/11/10/email/berger/ "Berger Agrees To Pay Penalty "] , "CNN".com, November 10, 1997]

Chinese nuclear espionage

In 1999, Berger was criticized for failing to promptly inform President Clinton of his knowledge that the People's Republic of China had managed to acquire the designs of a number of U.S. nuclear warheads. Berger was originally briefed of the espionage by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) in April 1996, but did not inform the president until July 1997.Gerth, Jeff and Risen, James, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B17F73E5C0C7A8CDDAD0894D1494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fB%2fBerger%2c%20Samuel%20R%2e "China Stole Nuclear Secrets From Los Alamos, U.S. Officials Say"] , "New York Times", March 6, 1999] [http://taiwansecurity.org/News/NYT-990306.htm "The White House and China"] , "New York Times", Editorial, April 9, 1999]

A number of Republicans, including then presidential hopeful Lamar Alexander, called for Berger's resignation. They accused him of ignoring the allegations of Chinese espionage. "For his unwillingness to act on this serious matter, Mr. Berger should resign", Alexander said. "If he does not, he should be relieved of his duties by President Clinton."] , "CNN".com, March 11, 1999] President Clinton rejected the calls: "The record is that we acted aggressively," Clinton said. "Mr. Berger acted appropriately."Gerstenzang, James and Drogin, Bob, "Clinton Defends Response In China Espionage Case", "Los Angeles Times", March 12, 1999]

Unauthorized removal of classified material

On July 19, 2004, it was revealed that the U.S. Justice Department was investigating Berger for unauthorized removal of classified documents in October 2003 from a National Archives reading room prior to testifying before the 9/11 Commission. The documents were five classified copies of a single report commissioned from Richard Clarke, covering internal assessments of the Clinton administration's handling of the unsuccessful 2000 millennium attack plots. An associate of Berger said Berger took one copy in September 2003 and four copies in October 2003. [ [http://edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/01/berger.plea/ CNN.com - Sandy Berger to plead guilty on documents charge - Apr 1, 2005 ] ]

After a long investigation, Justice Department prosecutors determined that Berger only removed classified copies of data stored on hard drives stored in the National Archives, and that no original material was destroyed. [cite news| url=http://www.washtimes.com/national/20050909-122225-2387r.htm| title=Berger fined for taking papers| first=Jerry| last=Seper| publisher=The Washington Times| date=September 9, 2005| accessdate=2006-12-22] Berger eventually pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of unauthorized removal and retention of classified material on April 1, 2005. Berger was fined $50,000 Sherman, Mark, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2005/04/01/national/w111624S64.DTL "Berger Pleads Guilty to Taking Materials"] , "Associated Press" via SFGate.com, April 2, 2005] , sentenced to serve two years of probation and 100 hours of community service, and stripped of his security clearance for 3 years.Margasak, Larry, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,,-6334264,00.html "GOP Contradicts Justice Department"] , "Associated Press", January 10 2007] Berger also relinquished his license to practice law. [ [http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20070516-113137-9942r.htm Clinton aide forfeits law license in Justice Probe] ]

ee also

*History of the United States National Security Council 1993-2003
*Iraq disarmament crisis timeline 1997-2000
*Mary McCarthy (CIA)

External links

* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ United States National Security Council page at the White House website]
* [http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/12/21/berger.document.pdf Report on Berger (PDF)] , Office of the Inspector General, National Archives and Records Administration

References