Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico

Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico
Location of the island of Puerto Rico (green)

Large scale Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico and the Caribbean began during the 19th century. Unlike their European counterparts, Chinese immigrants had to face various obstacles which prohibited or restricted their entry in Puerto Rico.

When Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony, the Spanish government did not encourage settlers of non-Hispanic origin. Even though the Spanish government changed its stance with the passage of the Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) of 1815, the decree was not aimed at Asians, it was aimed at non-Hispanic Europeans who were willing to swear their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church.

After Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States in accordance to the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Chinese immigrants faced another obstacle with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) which forbade the entry and immigration of Chinese nationals to the United States and its territories.

An influx of Chinese immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico after the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in 1943 and in the 1950s, when hundreds of Cuban Chinese fled Cuba after Fidel Castro came to power.

Spanish immigration restrictions

Royal Decree of Graces, 1815

By the 19th century, the Spanish Crown had lost most of its possessions in the Americas. Two of its remaining possessions were Puerto Rico and Cuba, which were demanding more autonomy and had pro-independence movements. The Spanish Crown issued the Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) which was originated August 10, 1815, with the intention of attracting European settlers to the islands. The Spanish government, believing that the independence movements would lose their popularity, granted land and initially gave settlers "Letters of Domicile". However, the decree only applied to the people of Europe since it was expected that the settlers swore loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church.^[1]

In the early 1860s, José Julián Acosta, when commenting on Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra's written history of Puerto Rico (which recorded events until the latter part of the 18th century), wrote a footnote in which he praises the local Spanish government for rejecting a proposal that would have allowed Chinese laborers to come to Puerto Rico from Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname. These restrictions were lifted in the latter part of the century.^[2]

During the latter part of the 19th century, Spain and the rest of the Americas became industrialized and were in need of manpower to fulfill their workforce. Poor and uneducated men, driven by war and starvation, made their way from China to the Americas as laborers. A large number of these unskilled workers were sold in what became known as the "coolie" trade. Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Dominican Republic were the last stop for many of the "coolies" before reaching their final destinations. Many of these Chinese immigrants managed to stay in Puerto Rico and the other two Caribbean countries.^[3]

20th century

The first page of the Chinese Exclusion Act.

When the United States enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act on May 6, 1882, many Chinese in the United States fled to Puerto Rico, Cuba and other Latin American nations. They established small niches and worked in restaurants and laundries.^[3] The Chinese Exclusion Act, was a United States federal law which implemented the suspension of Chinese immigration.^[4] After the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States under the conditions established by the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Chinese workers in the United States were allowed to travel to Puerto Rico. Some worked in the island's sugar industry, but most worked in re-building Puerto Rico's infrastructure and rail systems. Many of the workers in Puerto Rico decided to settle permanently in the island.

One of the reasons that the Chinese community in Puerto Rico did not flourish was because, in 1899, the War Department ordered the American officials in Puerto Rico to enforce the Chinese exclusion laws as requested by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. They believed that Chinese agents were preparing to flood Puerto Rico with Chinese from other countries, who hoped thereby to get into the United States later. Even though Chinese nationals were not allowed to go from Cuba to Puerto Rico, those who were in the United States were permitted to travel back and forth between the United States and Puerto Rico without restrictions.^[5] The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.

In 1959, thousands of business-minded Chinese fled Cuba, after the success Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro. One of the results of the communist revolution was that the state took over private property and nationalized all private-owned businesses. Most of the Cuban Chinese fled overseas and among the places where many of them settled were Puerto Rico, Miami and New York.^[6]

Chinese influence in Puerto Rico

Chinese Puerto Ricans are involved in operating Chinese restaurants, and others work in other sectors. Many members of Puerto Rico's Chinese minority have integrated both Puerto Rican and Chinese cultures into their daily lives. Some Chinese have intermarried with Puerto Ricans and many of today's Chinese-Puerto Ricans actually have Hispanic surnames and are of mixed Chinese and Puerto Rican descent, e.g., Wu-Trujillo.^[7]

There are various businesses which are named "Los Chinos" (The Chinese) and there is a Valley in the town of Maunabo, Puerto Rico called "Quebrada Los Chinos" (The Chinese Stream).^[8] The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center, whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism, has a branch in Puerto Rico.^[9]

Illegal immigration of Chinese nationals has become a problem in Puerto Rico. On November 28, 2007, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) announced that 15 citizens of the People's Republic of China were arrested and indicted for human smuggling. According to the indictment, the defendants participated in an alien smuggling organization operating out of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. The organization dedicated itself to transporting, moving, concealing, harboring and shielding aliens. They arranged the transportation and moving of Chinese nationals from the Dominican Republic into the United States.^[10]

Common Chinese surnames

The following are common Chinese surnames in Puerto Rico:

Common Chinese surnames in Puerto Rico

Chang, Chin, Joa, Kun, Lee, Wong, Wu, Yon, Mas

See also

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References

1. ^ Archivo General de Puerto Rico: Documentos
2. ^ "Historia de la Esclavitud Negra en Puerto Rico"; By Luis M. Díaz Soler; Pg. 242; Published by Editorial UPR, 1981; ISBN 0-8477-0095-X, 9780847700950
3. ^ ^{a b} "The Chinese Community and Santo Domingo's Barrio Chino". DR1.com. http://dr1.com/articles/chinese.shtml. Retrieved November 15, 2008. 
4. ^ Michael Brody (editor), ed (2008). "The Chinese Exclusion Act: A Black Legacy". Menlo School's Angel Island Virtual Tour. Atherton, California: Menlo School. http://sun.menloschool.org/~mbrody/ushistory/angel/exclusion_act/. Retrieved November 14, 2008. 
5. ^ "Chinese Exclusion in Puerto Rico" (PDF). New York Times. January 21, 1899. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&res=9A05E4DE1E39E433A25752C2A9679C94689ED7CF&oref=slogin&oref=slogin. Retrieved November 15, 2008. 
6. ^ Tung, Larry (June 2003). "Cuban Chinese Restaurants". Gotham Gazette. http://www.gothamgazette.com/citizen/jun03/original_cuban_chinese.shtml. Retrieved September 14, 2008. 
7. ^ "Gender Differentials in Intermarriage Among Sixteen Race and Ethnic Groups"; by: Jerry A. Jacobs and Teresa G. Laboy; Sociological Forum; Vol. 17, No. 4; December 2002
8. ^ Quebrada Los Chinos
9. ^ Budda Net
10. ^ ICE dismantles Chinese human smuggling organization