Chinatown, Philadelphia

Chinese "Friendship Arch", 10th and Arch Streets, as seen from the north

Philadelphia Chinatown (Simplified Chinese: 费城华埠, Traditional Chinese: 費城華埠, Pinyin: Fèichéng Huábù) is a predominantly Asian American neighborhood located within the Center City district in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation (PCDC, T: 費城華埠發展會, S: 费城华埠发展会, P: Fèichéng Huábù Fā​zhǎn Huì) supports the area.

History

In the mid-19th century, Cantonese immigrants to Philadelphia opened laundries and restaurants in an area in close proximity to Philadelphia's commercial wharves. This lead to the start of Philadelphia's Chinatown.^[1] The first business was a laundry owned by Lee Fong at 913 Race Street; it opened in 1871. In the following years, Chinatown consisted of ethnic Chinese businesses clustered around the 900 block of Race Street.^[2] Before the mid-1960s it consisted of several restaurants and one grocery store.^[3]

In the mid-1960s large numbers of families began moving to Chinatown.^[3] During various periods of urban renewal, starting in the 1960s, portions of Chinatown were razed for the construction of the Vine Street Expressway and the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation was formed in 1968. This gave community and business leaders more say in matters of local development.^[4]

In years leading up to 1998, businesses catering to other immigrants from East Asian countries, like Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam, opened in Chinatown.^[1]

In the late 1990s the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team was hoping to build a new ball park in downtown Philadelphia to replace the aging Veterans Stadium in South Philadelphia. Several locations were considered, including 12th and Vine Streets, just north of the Vine Street Expressway. The Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation mounted an intense opposition to the ballpark plans. Residents were concerned that the ballpark would destroy Chinatown. The PCDC staged protests and rallies that united neighborhood groups, religious, labor, ethnic, and political groups.^[3] Eventually the Phillies built Citizens Bank Park at the South Philadelphia Sports Complex, which opened in 2004.^{[citation needed]}

Cityscape

Vine Street is the northern boundary of Chinatown. Restaurants and shops, with apartment units located above, are in the buildings south of Vine street, within Chinatown. Factories and other industrial properties are located on the other side of Vine Street.^[5] Filbert Street serves as the southern border.^[6] Chinatown includes a core area that has seven city blocks. Many of the residents of the block were, as of 1998, recent immigrants.^[1]

Developments in the 20th century formed the current boundaries of the Philadelphia Chinatown. In the 1920s ramps leading to the Ben Franklin Bridge were constructed at Chinatown's northern edge. At another point, the city condemned an area east of what is now Chinatown so that the new headquarters of the Philadelphia Police Department, Independence Mall, and a hospital could be constructed.^[6] At one point the city proposed building an eight lane highway that would divide the Philadelphia Chinatown into two parts and eliminate the Holy Redeemer Church and School. The church and school remained, while the Vine Street Expressway, smaller than its original proposed size, was built. Cecelia Yep, one of the founders of the Philadelphia Chinatown Development Coalition, said "I think we saw it as a plan to get rid of Chinatown. [The church and school] was the only thing good in Chinatown at the time. We thought it was a fight for survival."^[3] The construction of the Market East Station in the 1970s and 1980s established Filbert Street as Chinatown's southern border. As a result of the construction of the Pennsylvania Convention Center, which opened in 1993, the Chinatown buildings located on Arch Street, up to the intersection of 13th Street, were demolished.^[6] In addition, a federal prison, the Federal Detention Center, Philadelphia, opened in the area. AsianWeek said "Each was built with much compromising, and now they form a circle around Chinatown’s current core of about five city blocks."^[3]

By 1998 community leaders had taken a property bounded by 8th Street, 9th Street, Callowhill, and Vine in order to establish a $7 million townhome complex called Hing Wah Yuen (T: 興華園, S: 兴华园, P: Xīng Huá Yuán, "Prosperous Chinese Garden").^[5]

Demographics

As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the service area of the Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation had 1,362 residents in 459 households. Of the residents, 1,085 were Asian American, 152 were White American, 71 were African American, 31 were of other races, and 23 were Hispanic American. During that year the community had 509 housing units, with 50 of them being vacant and 85 of them being owner occupied.^[7]

As of 1998 the wider Chinatown area had about 4,000 residents. Many of them worked in fifty clothing assembly companies, restaurants, and related suppliers located in the area. As of that year, most residents were Chinese American. As of the 1990 U.S. Census the median income of Chinatown was under $15,000. The median income of the 47,000 residents of Center City Philadelphia as a whole was $60,000.^[1] As of 2000, of the 4,000 residents of the wider area, about 70% have no English fluency.^[3]

The Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation said that the area also serves about 250,000 Chinese Americans residing in Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.^[3]

Landmarks

China Gate, view from the south

The Chinatown Friendship Gate, located at 10th and Arch Street, is an internationally known landmark and a symbol of cultural exchange and friendship between Philadelphia and its Sister City, Tianjin, China. The Gate is part of the Port Agreement signed in Tianjin, China on November 11, 1982. It was commissioned by the Department of Commerce and the Department of Public Property and completed in winter of 1983-84. The Gate was dedicated on January 31, 1984.

The Gate is the first authentic Chinese Gate built in America by artisans from China.^[8] Weighing in at approximately 88 tons and standing 40-feet high, the Gate's bright colors and elaborate design reflect traditional ancient color combinations used in early Chinese imperial construction. Themes of mythical creatures and graphic patterns typical to Ming and Qing Dynasties were used. A procession of mythical animals is featured on tiles, each with its own significance: the phoenix ensures good luck, and the dragon, with the magical power retaining water in its mouth, protects the structure of the Gate and the community from Fire. The four traditional Chinese characters on both sides of the Gate are, "費城華埠" (Fèichéng huá bù), which means Philadelphia Chinatown. Traditional characters are commonly seen outside of Mainland China.

After twenty-four years of climate, wear and tear, the Friendship Gate of Chinatown got a new coat of paint. Once again artisans from the Sister City of Tianjin, China, came to Philadelphia to take on this project in conjunction with the City of Philadelphia and the help of Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation. Using ancient techniques and traditional materials they revitalized the Friendship Gate.^[9] The Gate was rededicated on November 19, 2008.

Culinary Attractions

Chinatown features a large number of restaurants featuring East Asian cuisines. 10th Street and Race Street host nearly a dozen different Hong Kong-style bakery cafes. Furthermore, there are restaurants serving Cantonese, Fujianese, Northern, Sichuan, and Taiwanese cuisine. There are also a number of restaurants in Philadelphia's Chinatown serving other Asian cuisines, such as Burmese, Japanese, and Vietnamese.

Transportation

The Chinatown station on SEPTA's Broad-Ridge Spur is located at 8th and Vine streets, and Market East Station is only a block from the Chinatown Friendship Gate. SEPTA also provides local bus transportation to the area.

In addition, China Airlines provides a private bus service to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, New York from the Holy Redeemer Church in the Philadelphia Chinatown to feed its flight to Taipei, Taiwan.^[10][11]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

The School District of Philadelphia operates area public schools. Residents of much of the Chinatown area are zoned to General George A. McCall K-8 School (S: 麦考小学, T: 麥考學校, P: Màikǎo Xiǎo​xué),^[12][13] located in Society Hill,^[14] 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Chinatown. As of 2005 most residents who are unable to afford tuition to send their children to private school send their children to McCall.^[15]

For high school, most area residents are zoned to Horace Furness High School in South Philadelphia.^[16] In another section, residents are served by Benjamin Franklin High School.^[17]

Folk Arts - Cultural Treasures Charter School (FACTS, T: 民藝特許學校, S: 民艺特许学校, Mín Yì Tèxǔ Xuéxiào^[18]), a K-8 public charter school, is located in Chinatown.^[19]

In 1993 the school district began a school bus route between Chinatown and McCall. The district was not required to install the route, but parents advocated for the route because they believed that traffic at Market Street and Washington Square endangered their children. When the district proposed cutting the route in 1994, parents complained.^[14] In a two year period until 1998, the number of Chinese students at McCall doubled. In 1998 Chinese students were 25% of McCall's 650 person student body.^[13] As of 1998 there were no public schools within Chinatown.^[6] In 2005 the Philadelphia School Reform Commission approved the creation of FACTS. At the time the Chinatown Community Development Corporation opposed the creation of the charter school, saying that it was not necessary and that it would hurt enrollment figures at McCall and Holy Redeemer.^[15]

Private schools

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia operates Catholic schools. The Holy Redeemer Chinese Catholic Church and School (T: 費城華人天主教教堂暨培德學校, S: 费城华人天主教教堂暨培德学校, p: Fèi​chéng Huá​rén Tiān​zhǔ​jiào Jiào​táng jì péi dé Xué​xiào) was constructed in 1941. David J. Wallace of The New York Times said that it was "a leading Chinatown institution."^[6] Historically many Chinatown residents enrolled their children in the school, and the community used the church and school complex as a meeting place and a community center.^[3] In the 1990s the school lost much of its schoolyard due to expansion of the Vine Street Expressway.^[6] In 2005 it was the only school in Chinatown.^[15]

Colleges and libraries

Independence Branch Library

The Free Library of Philadelphia operates area public libraries. As of 1998 there are no public library branches within Chinatown.^[6] The Independence Branch (T: 獨立宮圖書館, S: 独立宮图书馆, P: Dú​lì Gōng Tú​shū​guǎn) serves residents living in Chinatown.^[20]

The Philadelphia Community College system serves Chinatown.

See also

	Philadelphia portal
	Pennsylvania portal
	Asian Americans portal
	China portal

• Chinese American

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Wallace, David J. "Near Philadelphia's Chinatown, 51 New Homes." The New York Times. March 8, 1998. 3. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
2. ^ "History of Chinatown." Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} AsianWeek Staff and Associated Press. "Philadelphia Chinatown Wins Stadium Fight. AsianWeek. November 24-30, 2000. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
4. ^ "History." Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation. Retrieved on January 21, 2009.
5. ^ ^{a b} Wallace, David J. "Near Philadelphia's Chinatown, 51 New Homes." The New York Times. March 8, 1998. 1. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Wallace, David J. "Near Philadelphia's Chinatown, 51 New Homes." The New York Times. March 8, 1998. 2. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
7. ^ "Demographic Profile." Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
8. ^ Yi, Lou. "Friendship Gate in Chinatown." The Philadelphia Inquirer. Monday May 14, 2007. Retrieved on June 1, 2009.
9. ^ "Painting Chinatown Red" The Temple News. Retrieved on June 1, 2009.
10. ^ "Complimentary Bus Service Provided To/From JFK International Airport Terminal One." China Airlines. Retrieved on January 20, 2009.
11. ^ "China Airlines releases special online promotions." Taipei Times. Friday August 27, 2007. Page 4. Retrieved on January 28, 2009.
12. ^ "Gen. George A. McCall Elementary School Geographic Boundaries." School District of Philadelphia. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
13. ^ ^{a b} Kadaba, Lini S. "AN EFFORT TO SPEAK TO MORE STUDENTS \ THE SCHOOL DISTRICT IS EXTENDING THE REACH OF ITS BILINGUAL PROGRAMS." The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 6, 1998. B01 City & Region. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
14. ^ ^{a b} Jackson, Leigh. "SCHOOL BOARD TACK: SLASH, UNSLASH." Philadelphia Daily News. May 28, 1994. 06 Local. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
15. ^ ^{a b c} "Chinatown to get charter school." The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 10, 2005. B01 Local News Philadelphia & its Suburbs.
16. ^ "Horace Furness High School Geographic Boundaries." School District of Philadelphia. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
17. ^ Snyder, Susan. "Selling schools - to families, A new campaign touts 20 Center City sites. Its aim: Retain the middle class. Schools pitch aims at stemming flight of the middle class." Philadelphia Inquirer. Monday August 22, 2005. City-D A01 Local. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
18. ^ "费城民艺特许学校新楼开幕庆典." Epoch Times. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
19. ^ "About Us." Folk Arts - Cultural Treasures Charter School. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
20. ^ "Independence Branch." Free Library of Philadelphia. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.

External links

• Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation
• Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation (Chinese)
• "Chinatown Housing Site Upgrade Hing Wah Yuen Housing Development A sense of place inspired by the heritage of the residents." Synterra Ltd.
• "Building the Gold Mountain: Philadelphia's Chinatown", Historical Society of Pennsylvania
• Weyrich, Noel. "Northern Blights." Philadelphia City Paper. July 6-13, 2000.
• Holy Redeemer Catholic Church and School (English)/(Chinese)
• Historic Photographs of Chinatown, PhillyHistory.org

Coordinates: 39°57′13″N 75°09′23″W / 39.9535°N 75.1563°W / 39.9535; -75.1563