Chinese Nicaraguan

Chinese Nicaraguan
Chino Nicaragüense

Total population
12,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Bluefields, Puerto Cabezas, Managua
Languages
Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, others
Religion
Buddhism, Christianity, others
Related ethnic groups
Chinese Cubans, Overseas Chinese

Chinese Nicaraguans (Simplified Chinese: 尼加拉瓜华人 Pinyin: níjiālāguā huá rén Spanish: Chino Nicaragüense) are Nicaraguans of Chinese ancestry who immigrated to or born in Nicaragua. They are part of the ethnic Chinese diaspora (or Overseas Chinese).

Chinese people first arrived in Nicaragua's Caribbean coast in the latter part of the 19th century, and most of them settled in cities such as Bluefields, El Bluff, Laguna de Perlas, and Puerto Cabezas.^[2] The Chinese immigrants dominated the commerce of the main coastal towns on the Caribbean coast prior to 1879. Then in the late 19th century, they began migrating to the Pacific lowlands of the country.^[3]

History

The Chinese were thought to have arrived in Nicaragua in the late 19th century, the majority of which came from China's Guǎngdōng (广东) province.^[4] This supposition remained unsubstantiated until the second census (in 1920) revealed that 400 citizens of Chinese nationality lived in Nicaragua. According to documents, the population of Puerto Cabezas in the R.A.A.N. department was formed not only by the Miskitos, but by communities of Jamaicans, Germans and also Chinese in 1925.^[5] Also, the community of Chinese immigrants in Bluefields was thought to be the largest in Central America.^[6] The first Chinese consul came to Nicaragua in 1930.^[7]

Many Chinese in Nicaragua committed themselves to the commerce industry and opened businesses.^[5] They also dedicated themselves to the candy, soap, and clothing industries. They dominated the commerce of the main coastal towns on the Caribbean coast prior to 1979.

Immigration

A California Gold Rush handbill listing Nicaragua as a shortcut

Although information about when the Chinese first arrived in Nicaragua is scarce, Fernando Centeno Chiong, a Nicaraguan historian, journalist and university professor of Chinese descent, published an article in La Prensa about the presence of the Chinese. Chiong wrote that there are some references that exist stating that the Chinese first arrived in Nicaragua in the mid-19th century,^[8] most notably during the California Gold Rush, in which people from all over the world traveled to California to mine for gold, tens of thousands of whom travelled by steamboats operated by the Accessory Transit Company, whose director was Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt.^[9] The steamboats' course went up the San Juan River, a site that had been proposed for the Nicaragua Canal, Chiong wrote:

"...It is possible that between the thousands of passengers who made that passage there were Chinese citizens who remained in Nicaragua, attracted by the natural beauty and the hospitality of a country that continues maintaining those same characteristics to the immigrants of different nationalities that have already made Nicaragua their second mother country."

— Fernando Centeno Chiong^[8]

During that time, there were restrictions that prohibited the entrance of Asian citizens in the country,^[5] in spite of which, many of them defied the prohibition and settled in what is thought to have been the first Chinese presence in the American continent, perhaps before the arrival of these citizens to Peru or Panama.^[8]

Shortly after World War II, which began in 1939 and ended in 1945, large quantities of Chinese began arriving in Nicaragua, but during the 1979 Sandinista revolution, many fled to nearby Honduras, Costa Rica, and the USA.^[10]

Migration to the Pacific Coast

The Chinese had begun heading to the Pacific side of Nicaragua and therefore started to settle in the cities of Managua, Granada, Leon, and Masaya at the end of the 19th century. The majority of them were men, many of whom converted to Christianity, and married Nicaraguan women,^[5] introducing the country to last names such as: Lau, Sujo, Chang, Cheng, Siu, Law, Quant, Chow, Chiong, Kuan, Wong, Samqui, Saint and Loyman, all of which represent the descendants of the first immigrants.^[8] It is approximated that the Taiwanese are descendants of 15 families.^[11] Also, there are an estimated 7,000 people who speak Chinese.^[12]

Clubs and associations

Chinese Club and the Chinese Nicaraguan Association

The first club founded for Chinese Nicaraguans, Club Chino (Chinese Club), was conformed in the South Atlantic region on Nicaragua's Caribbean coast. It wasn't until the 1940s that the club expanded into the capital city of Managua, after which the Asociación China Nicaragüense (Chinese Nicaraguan Association) was founded and became one of the most active and important associations of Nicaragua, due to the great economic power that the Chinese represented in the nation.^[13]

Chinese Nicaraguan Association after the Sandinista revolution

During the Sandinista revolution, many Chinese Nicaraguans emigrated to neighboring countries and the United States, causing the association to be inactive for approximately 10 years. That changed, however, in 1992, after some members approached the Chinese ambassador and expressed to him the importance to celebrate the Republic of China's Double Tenth Day (双十节).^[13]

Other active clubs/associations include the Club de Jóvenes Chinos de Nicaragua (Club of Chinese Teens of Nicaragua).

Notable persons

• Arlen Siu - Martyr of the Sandinista revolution.
• Gilberto Wong - Presidential Spokesman of Nicaragua, President of The Free Trade Zone Corporations, 2006 PLC Presidential Campaign Manager, former president of the Boy Scouts, former president of the Chinese Nicaraguan Association,
• Vilma Rosa Leon York - Vice Minister of Federal Depository Agency; & of Education
• Mayling Montero Lau - Queen of the Chinese Associations of Central America.
• Mayling Lau - President of the Chinese Nicaraguan Association. First Woman President in the Association.
• Rufino Chow - former mayor of Siuna
• Angela Chow - former mayor of El Rama
• Napoleón Chow - Director of Nicaraguan Institute of Culture
• Juan Chow - Poet
• Oscar Chow - President of the Temple Student Government at Temple University
• Octavio Chow - Miskito Catholic deacon
• Jaime Chow Zúñiga - Regional councilman of R.A.A.N.
• Pablo Wong - Senior vice president of market development for Fidelity National Financial
• Hugo Sujo Wilson - Professor and historian
• Franklin Sujo Coe - former Director of the Centro de Insumos Para la Salud (CIPS)
• Jose Sujo Coe - Member of the Hall of Fame of Nicaraguan Sports as of May 2006.
• Antonio Sujo - Commercial director of Parmalat-Nicaragua
• Jorge Castillo Quant - Leader of the Constitutionalist Liberal Party.
• Maritza Quant - M.D., Minister of Health of Nicaragua
• Henry Quant - Manager of Delta Air Lines Latin American operations
• Maria Auxilliadora Chiong - Director of the Instituto Mujer y Comunidad
• Agustín Moreira Chiong - Coordinator of the Unión de Radioaficionados Experimentadores de Nicaragua (UREN)
• Fernando Centeno Chiong - Journalist, lawyer, university professor and secretary of the Chinese Nicaraguan Association
• Vicente Cheng Lee - President of the Chinese Nicaraguan Association and former mayor of El Rama from 1976 - 1979.
• Nen Chow Sujo - Mayor of El Rama
• Luis Kuan Altamirano - Former mayor of Cuá-Bocay
• Indiana Siu González - Queen of the Chinese Nicaraguan Association 2007
• Juan Wong - Former member of La Guarida, author of The Gods of War, now owns two lucrative Miami restaurant chains Los Ranchos, and Charbroil.
• Scarleth Cuadra Lee - Queen of the Chinese Nicaraguan Association 2006
• Luis Wong Chan - Along with older brother Gilberto, founder and Director of the Juan y Pina Wong Foundation, Former Nicaraguan Ambassador to the Republic of China, and Nicaraguan Ambassador in Chile

See also

• Nicaragua
• Nicaraguan
• Demographics of Nicaragua
• Culture of Nicaragua
• Asian Latin American

Further reading

• "The Chinese Creoles of Nicaragua: Identity, Economy, and Revolution in a Caribbean Port City". Journal of Asian American Studies 4 (3): 209–233. October 2001. doi:10.1353/jaas.2001.0033. 

References

1. ^ "Nicaragua: People groups". Joshua Project. http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=NU. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
2. ^ Bolívar Juárez, Orient. "Bluefields, rostro de Nicaragua frente al Caribe" (in Spanish). La Prensa. http://www-ni.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2003/octubre/25/literaria/ensayos/. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
3. ^ Vásquez, Trinidad. "Fundación Cultural-Nicaragua-China promueven en rasgos de la mileria Cultura China" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Diario. http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/1999/agosto/09-agosto-1999/variedades/variedades3.html. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
4. ^ www.bvsde.org.ni Los Chinos, ¶-2
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Pardillo Gómez, Mayra (2005-04-10). "Los primeros chinos en Nicaragua" (in Spanish). ARGENPRESS. http://www.argenpress.info/notaold.asp?num=024528. Retrieved 2007-03-26. ^{[dead link]}
6. ^ Leonardi, Richard (2001). Nicaragua Handbook: The Travel Guide. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 248. ISBN 1903471141. 
7. ^ Vargas, Gerardo. "La Asociación China Nicaragüense celebra Año del Cerdo de Fuego" (in Spanish). Bolsa de Noicias. http://www.grupoese.com.ni/2007/feb/20/china.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-17. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Centeno Chiong, Fernando. "Sobre la presencia de los chinos en Nicaragua" (in Spanish). La Prensa. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927023205/http://www.laprensa.com.ni/cgi-bin/print.pl?id=opinion-20041010-05. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 
9. ^ Greenberg, Amy S. (2005). Manifest manhood and the Antebellum American empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84096-1. 
10. ^ "Nicaragua: International Religious Freedom Report; Section I. Religious Demography". U.S. State Department. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5681.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
11. ^ "Embajada de la República de China (Taiwán) en Nicaragua". http://www.roc-taiwan.org.ni/about.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
12. ^ "Languages of Nicaragua". Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NI. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
13. ^ ^{a b} Wong Valle, Michell. "Comunidad China celebra día nacional" (in Spanish). La Prensa. http://www-ni.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2003/octubre/10/revista/revista-20031010-02.html. Retrieved 2007-08-17. 

External links

• Republic of China's Embassy in Nicaragua.
• LaPrensa.com Article on the Chinese Nicaraguan Association.