Territorial disputes of Nicaragua

Territorial disputes of Nicaragua include the territorial dispute with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank. With respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required. Nicaragua also has a maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea and a boundary dispute over the Rio San Juan with Costa Rica.

an Andres y Providencia

In 1670 the English corsair Henry Morgan took over the islands until 1689. In 1803, after Spain's Viceroyalty of New Granada had been reestablished in 1739, the archipelago and the province of Veraguas – covering the western territory of Panama and the eastern coast of Nicaragua – were added to its area of jurisdiction. In the later colonial era the territory was administered from the province of Cartagena.

After gaining its independence, the Republic of Gran Colombia occupied the islands in 1822 and transferred control over them to the department of Magdalena. Subsequently, the United Provinces of Central America (UPCA) did not recognize the occupation of the islands and claimed ownership over them, while Colombia in turn protested the UPCA's occupation of the eastern coast of modern day Nicaragua. The UPCA federation dissolved in civil war between 1838-1840 and the resulting state of Nicaragua carried on with the dispute, as did the Republic of the New Granada (made up of modern Colombia and Panama) that emerged from the dissolution of Gran Colombia.

Colombia later established a local administration ("intendencia") in the islands during 1912. The signing of the Esguerra-Bárcenas treaty in 1928 between both governments temporarily resolved the dispute in favor of Colombia. However, since 1980, when the Sandinista government assumed power in Nicaragua, a constitutional reform was enacted and the treaty was renounced.

Nicaraguans claim that the treaty was signed under United States pressure and military occupation and thus does not constitute a sovereign decision, while Colombia argues that the treaty's final ratification in 1930, when U.S. forces were already on their way out, confirms its validity.

In 2001 Nicaragua filed claims with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over the disputed maritime boundary involving 50,000 km² in the Caribbean, which includes the islands of San Andrés and Providencia. Colombia has claimed that the ICJ has no jurisdiction over the matter and has increased its naval and police presence in the islands. It has also prepared the legal defense of its case that will be presented before the tribunal. In a preliminary decission the Court has sided with Colombia on the question of sovereignty over the Islands (47 km²) but has agreed with Nicaragua that the rest of the maritime accidents is yet to be assitgned according to the law of the sea and that the 82nd meridian is in no way a maritime border. the Court is competent to set that border and will do it in the final verdict of the dispute. In addition, Colombia and Honduras signed a maritime boundary treaty in 1999 which implicitly accepts Colombian sovereignty over the islands. It should be noted that the Court settled the dispute in favor of Nicaragua thus dealing a blow to the Colombian master plan over the Caribbean maritime border.

Gulf of Fonseca

Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador have a coastline along the Gulf of Fonseca and have been involved in a lengthly dispute over the rights to the gulf and the islands located there within In 1992, a chamber of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decided the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute, of which the gulf dispute was a part. The ICJ determined that Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador were to share control of the Gulf of Fonseca. El Salvador was awarded the islands of Meanguera and Meanguerita, and Honduras was awarded the island of El Tigre. Nicaragua was not a party to that dispute and is therefore not bound by the decission.

Boundary dispute of San Juan River

According to the Cañas-Jerez Treaty of 1858, reaffirmed in arbitration by Grover Cleveland in 1888 and interpreted by the Central American Court of Justicie in 1916 (case "Costa Rica vs. Nicaragua"), Nicaragua is sovereign over the Río San Juan, and Costa Rica has the right to navigate over part of the river with articles for trade which in case of need, as determined by Nicaragua can be accompanied by revenue cutters. The treaty also states that no taxes would be imposed on Costarican trade in goods except those accepted by mutual agreement. A dispute emerged in 1998 when Nicaragua forbade the transit of Costa Rican policemen in the river, which would be a breach of sovereignty, and unilaterally imposed a 25 $ tax for any Costa Rican tourists who enter the San Juan river, as persons are not objects of trade but subjects of trade and are therefore, not covered by the treaty. . This and other subjects are now the subject of a case in the International Court of Justice.

Historically, the possibility that the Río San Juan might become the route for a Nicaragua Canal has exacerbated the dispute. The construction of the Panama Canal has largely deflated this motive for friction. The New York Times archive has some interesting articles illustrating Colombia's colussion with Costa Rica to "grab" Nicaragua. Proof of this was found in correpondence between an obscure Colombian Ambassador to Cuba and the Colombian Embassy in San José.

Historical disputes

In an 1825 plebiscite taken under the gun, the Partido de Nicoya chose to leave Nicaragua and join Costa Rica, becoming Guanacaste Province. The Cañas-Jerez Treaty, made a trade. It annexed Guanacaste to Costa Rica in exchange for Costa Rica giving up her claims to sovereignty over the san Juan River and the Canal Route. However, at times when tensions over the San Juan River as Costa Rica, with Colombian support has been trying to renege on their withdrawal of claims to sovereingty over the San Juan River, causing Nicaragua to say if you do not respect your our part of the deal, why should we respect yours? Hence, Nicaragua has sometimes also raised the Guanacaste issue.

ee also

*Foreign relations of Nicaragua
*Colombia-Nicaragua relations
*History of Nicaragua

Further reading

*cite book |authorlink = United Nations Publications | title = Case Concerning The Territorial Dispute Nicaragua V. Colombia | publisher = United Nations Publications| date= 2004 | pages = 8 | isbn = 9210709837

External links

* [http://www.geog.umd.edu/academic/undergrad/harper/Berrios.pdf San Juan River -- Border dispute] with Costa Rica and Nicaragua