Chinois (Réunion)

Chinois

Total population
25,000 (1999)[1]
Languages
French, Réunion Creole; Chinese (predominantly Hakka and Cantonese) spoken only by members of older generations[2]
Religion
Chinese Folk Religion (Guan Di), Christianity(Predominantly Roman Catholicism), Buddhism [3]
Related ethnic groups
Sino-Mauritians[4]

Chinois, also referred to by the Réunion Creole name Sinwa or Sinoi, are ethnic Chinese residing in Réunion, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean.^[5][6] As of 1999, roughly 25,000 lived on the island, making them one of Africa's largest Chinese communities along with Chinese South Africans, Chinese people in Madagascar, and Sino-Mauritians.^[1]

Migration history

Despite their French citizenship, the Chinois form a group with origins distinct from the Chinese in metropolitan France.^[6] The first Chinese to arrive in Réunion came not directly from China, but rather were indentured labourers drawn from among the population of Chinese in Malaya, who arrived on the island in 1844 to work in grain production and levee-building. They violently resisted the slave-like manner in which they were treated, and as a result, the colonial government put a stop to the immigration of Chinese indentured labourers just two years later.^[7]

Beginning in the 1850s, Cantonese-speakers began to arrive from Mauritius.^[8] It was common for a Sino-Mauritian to bring his relatives over from China to Mauritius for a period of apprenticeship in his business; after they had gained sufficient familiarity with commercial practises and life in a colonial society, he would send them onwards with letters of introduction, lending them his own capital to start up businesses in neighbouring regions, including Réunion.^[4] Hakka-speakers, from Mauritius came as well in this manner starting only in the late 1880s.^[9]

However, re-migration from Mauritius was not the only source of free Chinese migration to Réunion. In 1862, Réunion's government liberalised their immigration laws, allowing any foreigner to take up employment. Each year, a few hundred Cantonese-speaking migrants from Guangdong took advantage of this law and arrived in Réunion.^[8] Hakkas from Meixian and French Indochina began to arrive around the same time as those from Mauritius, in the late 1880s. As in other overseas Chinese communities, conflict between Cantonese- and Hakka-speakers was a common feature of social life, and the two groups tried to avoid contact with each other; the Hakka migrants settled in the south of the island, especially at Saint-Pierre and Le Tampon.^[9] Re-migration from Mauritius to Réunion continued in this manner until around 1940.^[4] Migrants were almost all male; until the late 1930s or early 1940s, fewer than one thousand had arrived on the island.^[10]

After World War II, metropolitan French immigration laws were extended to cover Réunion. Along with the closure of China's borders in 1950, this meant that Chinese migration to the island largely came to a halt.^[8] By that time, the Chinese population of the island was roughly four thousand.^[11] Today's Chinois consist largely of their descendants.^[8] However, roughly 2,000 more new expatriates have come from the People's Republic of China in recent years.^[12]

Language and education

The first Chinese school in Réunion was set up at Saint-Denis in 1927, but closed three years later when the teacher returned to China. In the following decade, more schools were set up privately, financed by contributions from Chinese businessmen.^[13] Prior to the 1950s, locally-born ethnic Chinese children typically attended these Chinese schools, and as a result, they speak both Chinese and Creole fluently, but not French.^[2] However, authorities looked dimly on such schools, seeing them as promoting cultural separatism, and so imposed a variety of regulations on their operation, requiring that they spend more time on French-language teaching than Chinese-language teaching. As a result, new bilingual schools were established, the two most famous of which were the ones at Saint-Denis and Saint-Andre.^[13]

After World War II, education in French schools became mandatory.^[13] As a result, the generation who entered school after then typically speak little Chinese; however, many of them went to metropolitan France for their higher education, and as a result speak both French and Creole fluently.^[14] In an effort to "return to their roots", members of this generation and the younger ones have been attempting to reconnect to Chinese culture through cultural and language courses, return trips to their ancestors' villages in China, and the like.^[15] However, they are largely assimilated to French and Creole culture, and feel little connection to today's China, which has undergone huge changes since their ancestors emigrated.^[15]

Employment

The immigrant generation, as well their children who were educated locally in Chinese schools, often found self-employment as shopkeepers; in the 1970s, with rising standards of living on the island, they were able to expand their small shops into spacious markets.^[14] Their children, who were educated in France, have entered the liberal professions, such as medicine, dentistry, law, and architecture, or found employment in accountancy and engineering firms or the public sector.^[16]

Cuisine

Chinese cuisine is now consumed by people all over Réunion. Chinese migrants also introduced a number of different plants and animals to the island, including a Chinese variety of the guava known locally and in Mauritius and Seychelles as goyave de Chine.^{[citation needed]}

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Chinese Language Educational Foundation 1999
2. ^ ^{a b} Yu-Sion 2003, ¶15
3. ^ Medea 2002
4. ^ ^{a b c} Yap & Leong Man 1996, p. 37
5. ^ Yu-Sion 2003, ¶1
6. ^ ^{a b} Yu-Sion 2007, p. 234
7. ^ Yu-Sion 2003, ¶5
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Yu-Sion 2003, ¶8
9. ^ ^{a b} Yu-Sion 2003, ¶10
10. ^ Yu-Sion 2003, ¶12
11. ^ Yu-Sion 2003, ¶11
12. ^ Bureau of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Chinese Affairs 2007
13. ^ ^{a b c} Yu-Sion 2003, ¶23
14. ^ ^{a b} Yu-Sion 2003, ¶16
15. ^ ^{a b} Yu-Sion 2003, ¶16, 28
16. ^ Yu-Sion 2003, ¶17

Sources

• Yu-Sion, Live (July-August 2003), "Illusion identitaire et métissage culturel chez les «Sinoi» de la Réunion", Perspectives chinoises (78), ISSN 1021-9013, http://perspectiveschinoises.revues.org/document160.html, retrieved 2008-11-01 
• Medea, Laurent (2002), "Creolisation and Globalisation in a Neo-Colonial Context: the Case of Réunion", Social Identities 8 (1): 125–141, doi:10.1080/13504630220132053, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713696595&db=all 
• Yu-Sion, Live (2007), "The Sinwa of Reunion: searching for a Chinese identity in a multicultural world", in Thuno, Mette, Beyond Chinatown: New Chinese Migration and the Global Expansion of China, Copenhagen: NIAS Press, ISBN 978-8-77694000-3 
• Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dianne (1996), Colour, Confusion, and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 978-962209424-6 
• Bureau of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Chinese Affairs (2007-04-20), "非洲华人华侨简况 (Status of overseas Chinese and Chinese expatriate populations in Africa)", Dongguan City Government Portal, http://dgfao.dg.gov.cn/gb/articledetail.asp?articleid=615&categoryid=7, retrieved 2008-10-30 
• Chinese Language Educational Foundation (1999), "1999年底非洲国家和地区华侨、华人人口数 (1999 year-end statistics on Chinese expatriate and overseas Chinese population numbers in African countries and territories)", Overseas Chinese Net, http://www.chinaqw.com.cn/node2/node116/node119/node158/node851/userobject6ai43484.html, retrieved 2008-10-30 

Further reading

	China portal
	France portal
	Africa portal

• Fane, Ly-Tio (1985), La Diaspora chinoise dans l'Ocean Indien occidental (The Chinese Diaspora in the western Indian Ocean), Mauritius: Editions de l'Ocean Indien