Telepathy

For other uses, see Telepathy (disambiguation).

This article is about the paranormal phenomenon. For the magical act, see mentalism.

Telepathy

Terminology
TP
An experiment in sensory deprivation aiming to demonstrate TP
Coined by	Fredric W. H. Myers (1882) [1]
Definition	The transference of thoughts or feelings between two or more subjects through Psi
Signature	One subject said to gain information from another that was shielded from their traditional senses by distance, time, or physical barriers.
See also	Extra-sensory perception, Anomalous cognition, Ganzfeld experiment

Telepathy (from the Greek τηλε, tele meaning "distant" and πάθη, pathe meaning "affliction, experience"),^[2] is the induction of mental states from one mind to another. The term was coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Fredric W. H. Myers, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research,^[1] and has remained more popular than the more-correct expression thought-transference.^[1][3] Many studies seeking to detect, understand, and utilize telepathy have been done within this field. Claims of telepathy as a real phenomenon are at odds with the scientific consensus. According to the prevailing view among scientists, telepathy lacks replicable results from well-controlled experiments.^[4][5]

Telepathy is a common theme in modern fiction and science fiction, with many superheroes and supervillains having telepathic abilities. In more recent times, neuroimaging has allowed researchers to actually perform early forms of mind reading.

Origins of the concept

According to Roger Luckhurst,^[6] the origin of the concept of telepathy (not telepathy itself) in the Western civilization can be tracked to the late 19th century. In his view, science did not frequently concern itself with "the mind" prior to this. As the physical sciences made significant advances, scientific concepts were applied to mental phenomena (e.g., animal magnetism), with the hope that this would help understand paranormal phenomena. The modern concept of telepathy emerged in this historical context.

The notion of telepathy is not dissimilar to two psychological concepts: delusions of thought insertion/removal and psychological symbiosis. This similarity might explain how some people have come up with the idea of telepathy. Thought insertion/removal is a symptom of psychosis, particularly of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatric patients who experience this symptom falsely believe that some of their thoughts are not their own and that others (e.g., other people, aliens, or conspiring intelligence agencies) are putting thoughts into their minds (thought insertion). Some patients feel as if thoughts are being taken out of their minds or deleted (thought removal). Along with other symptoms of psychosis, delusions of thought insertion may be reduced by antipsychotic medication.

Psychological symbiosis, on the other hand, is a less well established concept. It is an idea found in the writings of early psychoanalysts, such as Melanie Klein. It entails the belief that in the early psychological experience of the child (during earliest infancy), the child is unable to tell the difference between his or her own mind, on one hand, and his or her experience of the mother/parent, on the other hand. This state of mind is called psychological symbiosis; with development, it ends, but, purportedly, aspects of it can still be detected in the psychological functioning of the adult. Putatively, the experience of either thought insertion/removal or unconscious memories of psychological symbiosis may have led to the invention of "telepathy" as a notion and the belief that telepathy exists. Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists believe and empirical findings support the idea that people with schizotypal personality disorder are particularly likely to believe in telepathy.^[7]

In parapsychology

Main articles: Parapsychology and Ganzfeld experiment

Within the field of parapsychology, telepathy is considered to be a form of extra-sensory perception (ESP) or anomalous cognition in which information is transferred through Psi. It is often categorized similarly to precognition and clairvoyance.^[8] Various experiments have been used to test for telepathic abilities. Among the most well known are the use of Zener cards and the Ganzfeld experiment.

Zener cards

Zener cards are cards marked with five distinctive symbols. When using them, one individual is designated the "sender" and another the "receiver". The sender must select a random card and visualize the symbol on it, while the receiver must attempt to determine that symbol using Psi. Statistically, the receiver has a 20% chance of randomly guessing the correct symbol, so in order to demonstrate telepathy, they must repeatedly score a success rate that is significantly higher than 20%.^[9] If not conducted properly, this method can be vulnerable to sensory leakage and card counting.^[9]

When using the Ganzfeld experiment to test for telepathy, one individual is designated the receiver and is placed inside a controlled environment where they are deprived of sensory input, and another is designated the sender and is placed in a separate location. The receiver is then required to receive information from the sender. The exact nature of the information may vary between experiments.^[10]

Types

Parapsychology describes several different forms of telepathy, including latent telepathy and precognitive telepathy.^[3]

Latent Telepathy, formerly known as "deferred telepathy",^[11] is described as being the transfer of information, through Psi, with an observable time-lag between transmission and receipt.^[3]

Retrocognitive, Precognitive, and Intuitive Telepathy is described as being the transfer of information, through Psi, about the past, future or present state of an individual's mind to another individual.^[3]

Emotive Telepathy, also known as remote influence ^[12] or emotional transfer, is the process of transferring kinesthetic sensations through altered states.

Superconscious Telepathy, involves tapping into the superconscious ^[13] to access the collective wisdom of the human species for knowledge.

Skepticism and controversy

Although not a recognized scientific discipline, people who study certain types of paranormal phenomena such as telepathy refer to the field as parapsychology. Parapsychologists claim that some instances of telepathy are real.^[14][15] Skeptics say that instances of apparent telepathy are explained as the result of fraud, self-delusion and/or self-deception and that telepathy does not exist as a paranormal power.^[16]

Parapsychologists and skeptics agree that many of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena, such as mediumism, can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as cold reading.^[17][18][19] Magicians such as Ian Rowland and Derren Brown have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, without paranormal means. They have identified, described, and developed psychological techniques of cold reading and hot reading.

A technique which shows statistically significant evidence of telepathy on every occasion has yet to be discovered. This lack of reliable reproducibility has led skeptics to argue that there is no credible scientific evidence for the existence of telepathy at all.^[20] Skeptics also point to historical cases in which flaws in experimental design and occasional cases of fraud were uncovered.^[20]

In popular culture

Telepathy is commonly used in fiction, with a number of superheroes and supervillains, as well as figures in many science fiction novels, etc., use telepathy. Notable fictional telepaths include the Jedi in Star Wars. The mechanics of telepathy in fiction vary widely. Some fictional telepaths are limited to receiving only thoughts that are deliberately sent by other telepaths, or even to receiving thoughts from a specific other person. For example, in Robert A. Heinlein's 1956 novel Time for the Stars, certain pairs of twins are able to send telepathic messages to each other. In A. E. van Vogt's science fiction novel Slan, the mutant hero Jommy Cross can read the minds of ordinary humans. Some telepaths can read the thoughts only of those they touch, such as Vulcans in the Star Trek media franchise. Star Trek science consultant and writer André Bormanis, has revealed that telepathy within the Star Trek universe works via the "psionic field." According to Bormanis, a psionic field is the "medium" through which unspoken thoughts and feelings are communicated through space.^[21] Some humanoids can tap into this field through a kind of sense organ located in the brain; in the same manner that human eyes can sense portions of the electromagnetic field, telepaths can sense portions of the psionic field. In the book "Eragon", Eragon can communicate through his mind with almost anyone, including his dragon Saphira, but it is possible to block people from one's mind with a barrier. In the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling, telepathy is a magical skill known as Legilimency. In the John Wyndham novel The Chrysalids, the main character and narrator David Strorm is one of a group of nine telepaths. In Anthony Horowitz's Power of Five series twins Jamie and Scott Tyler were born with telepathic powers that enable them to read people's minds and, ultimately, control them. They always know each other's thoughts, which earns them money doing tricks at a circus in Reno, Nevada, USA.

Some writers view telepathy as the evolutionary destiny of humanity. In Tony Vigorito's novel, Just a Couple of Days, telepathy emerges across the entire human species as a result of the Pied Piper Virus, which inadvertently eliminates humanity's symbolic capacity. In this instance, telepathy is seen as a latent ability that emerges only when the distractions of language are bypassed.

Some fictional telepaths possess mind control abilities, which can include "pushing" thoughts, feelings, or hallucinatory visions into the mind of another person, causing pain, paralysis, or unconsciousness, altering or erasing memories, or completely taking over another person's mind and body (similar to spiritual possession). Examples of this type of telepath include Professor Xavier, Psylocke, Jean Grey, Emma Frost, and numerous other characters in the Marvel Universe, along with Matt Parkman from the television series Heroes.

The radio crimefighter The Shadow had "the power to cloud men's minds," which he used to mask his presence from others.

The film Scanners concerns around people born with this kind of telepathy as well as those with telekinetic abilities.

The Urdu novel "Devta" is based on the character of Farhad Ali Taimur, a telepath involved in the fight of good and evil.

Technological enabled mental connections (occasionally seen as a form of 'telepathy' as in the following section, but not usually described using this word) are also present in science fiction, often involving the usage of neural implants of some description. For example, Robert Silverberg's 1971 story Tower of Glass features a technology called a "shunt room" where participants wearing "shunt helmets" are able to probe one another's thoughts, feelings and memories. Another example is the Conjoiners in the Revelation Space series by Alastair Reynolds. Conjoiners rely on their technological telepathy (referred to by them as "Transenlightenment") to the extent that they no longer actually speak. Certain Conjoiners are able to read, attack and control the minds of other Conjoiners and machines (though not standard humans) using digital attacks, often having similar effects to other telepaths in fiction. More generally, the concept of technological mental connections quite often features in science fiction stories featuring group minds, such as the Borg in Star Trek.

See also a composite list of fictional characters with telepathy.

Technologically enabled telepathy

See also: Thought identification

Converging Technologies, a 2002 report exploring the potential for synergy among nano-, bio-, informational and cognitive technologies (NBIC) for enhancing human performance.

Recent BCI toys like those developed by NeuroSky have brought real life telepathy to the general public. The MindFlex made by Mattel in collaboration with NeuroSky was even ranked in Time Magazines top 100 toys of all time ^{[22] [23]}. In this game the player floats a ball by concentrating on it; an electroencephalogram is used to judge the persons level of concentration through direct measurement of the electrical activity in their brain, this headset then communicates with a platform controlling the speed of a fan and thus the ball. ^[24][25]

In 2011 a Guinness Book of World Records category was created for BCI based telepathy. The NeuroSky MindWave was awarded it for the, “Heaviest machine moved using a brain control interface”.^[26]

Futurists think that brain-computer interfaces may make telepathy possible. There has already been progress in connecting brains with machines, and a man-machine-man bridge is considered very possible. And if man-machine-man bridges can be made, then such a link can be achieved over great distances using Internet.

Technologically enabled telepathy is also called "techlepathy," "synthetic telepathy," or "psychotronics."

Some people, occasionally referred to by themselves or others as "transhumanists", believe that technologically enabled telepathy is a technology that humans should pursue in order to improve themselves.

Kevin Warwick of the University of Reading, England is one of the leading proponents of this view and has based all of his recent cybernetics research around developing technology for directly connecting human nervous systems together with computers and with each other. He believes techno-enabled telepathy will in the future become the primary form of human communication.^[27][28]

See also

Part of a series of articles on the paranormal
Main articles
Afterlife · Astral projection · Aura · Clairvoyance · Close encounter · Cold spot · Conjuration · Cryptid · Cryptozoology · Demon · Demonic possession · Demonology · Ectoplasm · Electronic voice phenomenon · Ethereal being · Exorcism · Extra-sensory perception · Fear of ghosts · Forteana · Ghost · Ghost hunting · Ghost story · Haunted house · Hypnosis · Intelligent haunting · Magic · Mediumship · Miracle · Near-death experience · Occult · Ouija · Paranormal · Paranormal fiction · Paranormal television · Poltergeist · Precognition · Psychic · Psychic reading · Psychokinesis · Psychometry · Reincarnation · Remote viewing · Residual haunting · Shadow people · Spirit photography · Spirit possession · Spirit world · Spiritualism · Supernatural · Telepathy · UFO · UFO sightings · UFO-Paranormal hypotheses · Ufology · Will-o'-the-wisp Haunted locations: United Kingdom · United States · world
Articles on skepticism
Cold reading · Committee for Skeptical Inquiry · Debunking · Hoax · James Randi Educational Foundation · Magical thinking · Prizes for evidence of the paranormal · Pseudoskepticism · Scientific skepticism
Related articles on science, psychology, and logic
Agnosticism · Anomalistics · Argument from ignorance · Argumentum ad populum · Bandwagon effect · Begging the question · Cognitive dissonance · Communal reinforcement · Fallacy · Falsifiability · Fringe science · Groupthink · Junk science · Protoscience · Pseudoscience · Scientific evidence · Scientific method · Superstition · Uncertainty · Urban legend ·
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• Abhijna, the Buddhist "higher knowledges", the third of which is "Mind-penetrating knowledge".
• Alice Bailey
• Body language or kinesics, another form of paralinguistics.
• Extended mind, the concept that things frequently used by the mind become part of it.
• Lady Wonder, a horse that appeared to answer questions.
• List of parapsychology topics
• Magnetoencephalography, measuring the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain.
• Mentalist, claims to manipulate and change spiritual reality.
• Morphic resonance
• Neural oscillation, a concept measured as brain waves.
• Precognition, a form of extra-sensory perception involving seeing future events.
• Quantum pseudo-telepathy, apparent telepathy as a result of quantum entanglement.
• Velostat, a purported insulator.
• Telepathy Simulating Toys and Games

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). "The Skeptic's Dictionary; Telepathy". SkepDic.com. http://skepdic.com/telepath.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13. 
2. ^ Following the model of sympathy and empathy.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Glossary of Parapsychological terms - Telepathy — Parapsychological Association. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
4. ^ Jan Dalkvist (1994). Telepathic group communication of emotions as a function of belief in telepathy. Dept. of Psychology, Stockholm University. http://books.google.com/books?id=lhsRAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 5 October 2011. "Within the scientific community however, the claim that psi anomalies exist or may exist is in general regarded with skepticism. One reason for this difference between the scientist and the non scientist is that the former relies on on his own experiences and anecdotal reports of psi phenomena, whereas the scientist at least officially requires replicable results from well controlled experiments to believe in such phenomena - results which according to the prevailing view among scientists, do not exist." 
5. ^ Willem B. Drees (28 November 1998). Religion, Science and Naturalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 242–. ISBN 978-0-521-64562-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=BxmcHWCv2c4C&pg=PA242. Retrieved 5 October 2011. "Let me take the example of claims in parapsychology regarding telepathy across spatial or temporal distances, apparently without a mediating physical process. Such claims are at odds with the scientific consensus." 
6. ^ Luckhurst, R. (2002). The Invention of Telepathy, 1870-1901. Oxford University Press.
7. ^ Pickup, G. (2006). Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Volume 11, Number 2, Number 2/March 2006 , pp. 117-192
8. ^ Glossary of Parapsychological terms - ESP, Parapsychological Association. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
9. ^ ^{a b} Carroll, Robert (2006-02-17). "Zener ESP Cards". The Skeptic's Dictionary. http://www.skepdic.com/zener.html. Retrieved 2006-07-18. 
10. ^ The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena by Dean I. Radin Harper Edge, ISBN 0-06-251502-0
11. ^ Rennie, John (1845), "Test for Telepathy", Scientific American,V3#1 (1847-09-25)
12. ^ Plazo, Dr. Joseph R., (2002) "Psychic Seduction." pp.112-114 ISBN 0-9785922-3-9
13. ^ St. Claire, David., (1989) "Instant ESP." pp.40-50
14. ^ "What is parapsychology?" From the FAQ of the website of the Parapsychological Association. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
15. ^ "What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi?" From the FAQ of the website of the Parapsychological Association. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
16. ^ Skepdic.com on ESP. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
17. ^ Eberhard Bauer: Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology - An Overview^{[dead link]}. European Journal of Parapsychology (1984), 5, 141-166. Retrieved February 9, 2007.
18. ^ O',Keeffe, Ciarán and Wiseman Richard: Testing alleged mediumship: Methods and results. British Journal of Psychology (2005), 96, 165–17.
19. ^ Rowland, Ian: The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading
20. ^ ^{a b} See for examples, Randi, James. Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions. Prometheus Books (June 1982) ISBN 0879751983 or
    Charpak, Georges and Henri Broch. Translated by Bart K. Holland. Debunked!: ESP, Telekinesis, and Other Pseudoscience. The Johns Hopkins University Press (March 25, 2004), ISBN 0801878675
21. ^ André Bormanis discusses telepathy in Star Trek
22. ^ "NeuroSky Partners". NeuroSky. http://www.neurosky.com/People/Partners.aspx. Retrieved 2010-08-31. 
23. ^ Townsend, Allie (2011-02-16). "All-TIME 100 Greatest Toys". Time.com (Time Magazine). http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2049243_2048662_2049236,00.html. Retrieved 2011-04-31. 
24. ^ "Mattel and NeuroSky Ink Alliance for 'Next Generation' Games and Toys". TradingMarkets.com. 2010-03-23. http://www.tradingmarkets.com/.site/news/Stock%20News/2304161/. Retrieved 2010-08-31. 
25. ^ Miller, Ross (2009-01 05). "Mind-Mattel's Mindflex teaches kids fake telekinesis". Engadget.com. Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2009/01/05/mattels-mind-flex-teaches-kids-fake-telepathy/. Retrieved 2010-07-31. 
26. ^ "NeuroSky MindWave Sets Guinness World Record for "Largest Object Moved Using a Brain-Computer Interface"". NeuroGadget.com. NeuroGadget. http://neurogadget.com/2011/04/12/neurosky-mindwave-sets-guinness-world-record-for-%E2%80%9Clargest-object-moved-using-a-brain-computer-interface%E2%80%9D/1820. 
27. ^ Dvorsky, George (2004). "Evolving Towards Telepathy". Betterhumans.com. http://www.21stcenturyradio.com/articles/05/0103318.html. Retrieved 2006-10-24. 
28. ^ TakeAway Media (2000). "Leviathan: Back to the Future: An interview with Kevin Warwick". BBC Two. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/12/99/back_to_the_future/kevin_warwick.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-24. 

External links

• Quantum Physicist Nick Herbert Ponders Instantaneous Communication
• Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy (PDF)
• Soal-Goldney Experiment - a critical evaluation of the Soal-Goldney Experiment, which claimed to prove the existence of telepathy
• Dream and Telepathy - article in Science and Psychoanalysis