Constans II

For the usurper, see Constans II (usurper).

Constans II
Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
Semissis of Constans II
Reign	641 – September 15, 668
Born	November 7, 630
Died	September 15, 668 (aged 37)
Predecessor	Heraklonas
Successor	Mezezius Constantine IV
Consort	Fausta
Offspring	Constantine Heraclius Tiberius
Dynasty	Heraclian Dynasty
Father	Constantine III
Mother	Gregoria

Constans II (Greek: Κώνστας Β', Kōnstas II), also called Constantine the Bearded (Kōnstantinos Pogonatos), (November 7, 630 – September 15, 668) was Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668. He also was the last emperor to become consul in 642,^[1][2] becoming the last Roman consul in history.

Constans is a diminutive nickname given to the emperor, who had been baptized Herakleios and reigned officially as Constantine. The nickname established itself in Byzantine texts, and has become standard in modern historiography.

Biography

Constans was the son of Constantine III and Gregoria. Due to the rumours that Heraklonas and Martina had poisoned Constantine III he was named co-emperor in 641. Later that same year his uncle was deposed and Constans II was left as sole emperor.

Constans owed his throne to a popular reaction against his uncle and to the protection of the soldiers led by the general Valentinus. Although the precocious emperor addressed the senate with a speech blaming Heraklonas and Martina for eliminating his father, he reigned under a regency of senators led by Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople. In 644 Valentinus attempted to seize power for himself but failed.

Under Constans, the Byzantines completely withdrew from Egypt in 642, and Caliph Uthman launched numerous attacks on the islands of the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Sea. A Byzantine fleet under the admiral Manuel occupied Alexandria again in 645, but after a Muslim victory the following year this had to be abandoned. The situation was complicated by the violent opposition to Monothelitism by the clergy in the west, and the related rebellion of the Exarch of Carthage, Gregory. The latter fell in battle against the army of Caliph Uthman and the region remained a vassal state under the Caliphate, until the civil war broke out and the imperial rule was again restored.

Byzantine Empire by 650 A.D under Constans II

Constans attempted to steer a middle line in the church dispute between Orthodoxy and Monothelitism, by refusing to persecute either and prohibiting further discussion of the natures of Jesus Christ by decree in 648. Naturally, this live-and-let-live compromise satisfied few passionate participants in the dispute.

Meanwhile, the Caliphate advance continued unabated. In 647 they had entered into Armenia and Cappadocia, and sacked Caesarea Mazaca. In 648 the Arabs raided into Phrygia and in 649 launched their first maritime expedition against Crete. A major Arab offensive into Cilicia and Isauria in 650–651 forced the emperor to enter into negotiations with Caliph Uthman's governor of Syria, Muawiyah. The truce that followed allowed a short respite, and made it possible for Constans to hold on to the western portions of Armenia.

In 654, however, Muawiyah renewed his raids by sea, and plundered Rhodes. Constans led a fleet to attack the Muslims at Phoinike (off Lycia) in 655 at the Battle of the Masts, but he was defeated: 500 Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle, and the emperor himself was almost killed. Before the battle, chronicler Theophanes the Confessor says, the emperor dreamed of being at Thessalonika, this dream predicted his defeat against the Arabs because the word Thessalonika is similar to the sentence "thes allo niken", that means "gave victory to another (the enemy)".^[3] Caliph Uthman was preparing to attack Constantinople, but did not carry out the plan when civil war between the future Sunni and Shi'a factions broke out among them in 656.

With the eastern frontier under less pressure, in 658 Constans defeated the Slavs in the Balkans, temporarily reasserting some notion of Byzantine rule over them. In 659 he campaigned far to the east, taking advantage of a rebellion against the Caliphate in Media. The same year he concluded peace with the Arabs.

Now Constans could turn to church matters once again. Pope Martin I had condemned both Monothelitism and Constans' attempt to halt debates over it (the Type of Constans) in the Lateran Council of 649. Now the emperor ordered his Exarch of Ravenna to arrest the Pope. Exarch Olympius excused himself from this task, but his successor, Theodore I Calliopas, carried it out in 653. Pope Martin was brought to Constantinople and condemned as a criminal, ultimately being exiled to Cherson, where he died in 655.

Constans grew increasingly fearful that his younger brother, Theodosius, could oust him from the throne: he therefore obliged him first to take holy orders, and later had Theodosius killed in 660. Constans' sons Constantine, Heraclius, and Tiberius had been associated on the throne since the 650s. However, having attracted the hatred of citizens of Constantinople, Constans decided to leave the capital and to move to Syracuse in Sicily.

From here, in 663, he launched an assault against the Lombard Duchy of Benevento, which then occupied most of Southern Italy. Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king Grimoald I of Benevento was engaged against Frankish forces from Neustria, Constans II disembarked at Taranto and besieged Lucera and Benevento. However, the latter resisted and Constans withdrew to Naples. During the travel from Benevento to Naples, Constans II was defeated by Mitolas, Count of Capua, near Pugna. Constans ordered Saburrus, the commander of his army, to attack again the Lombards but he was defeated by the Beneventani at Forino, between Avellino and Salerno.

In 663 Constans visited Rome for 12 days—no emperor having set foot in Rome for two centuries—and was received with great honor by Pope Vitalian (657–672). Although on friendly terms with Vitalian, he stripped buildings, including the Pantheon, of their ornaments and bronze to be carried back to Constantinople, and in 666 declared the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.

His subsequent moves in Calabria and Sardinia were marked by further strippings and request of tributes that enraged his Italian subjects. Rumours that he was going to move the capital of the empire to Syracuse were probably fatal for Constans. On September 15, 668 he was assassinated in his bath by his chamberlain. His son Constantine succeeded him as Constantine IV, a brief usurpation in Sicily by Mezezius being quickly suppressed by the new emperor.

According to Warren Treadgold the first themes were created between 659 and 661, during the reign of Constans II.^{[citation needed]}

Death

In 688 he was assassinated in his bath.

Family

By his wife Fausta, a daughter of the patrician Valentinus, Constans II had three sons:

• Constantine IV, who succeeded as emperor
• Heraclius, co-emperor from 659 to 681
• Tiberius, co-emperor from 659 to 681

References

1. ^ JSTOR: The Last Consul: Basilius and His Diptych
2. ^ JSTOR: The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius
3. ^ «θὲς ἄλλῳ νὶκην», see Bury, John Bagnell (1889), A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene, Adamant Media Corporation, 2005, p.290. ISBN 1402183682

Further reading

• The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
• Liber Pontificalis
• Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum, Book V

External links

Constans II Heraclian Dynasty Born: 7 November 630 Died: 15 September 668
Regnal titles
Preceded by Heraklonas	Byzantine Emperor 641–668 with Constantine IV (654–685) Heraclius (659–681) Tiberius (659–681)	Succeeded by Constantine IV
Political offices
Preceded by Imp. Caesar Fl. Heraclius Augustus in 610	Consul of the Roman Empire 642	Succeeded by Imp. Caesar Fl. Justinianus Augustus in 686

Persondata
Name	Constans Ii
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	630
Place of birth
Date of death	668
Place of death