Constans II (usurper)

Not to be confused with Constans II (Byzantine Empire).

Constans II
Usurper of the Western Roman Empire
Constans's father Constantine III portrayed on a siliqua. The reverse celebrates the victories of the Augusti.
Reign	407–409 (Caesar under Constantine III) 409–411 (Augustus with Constantine III, against Emperor Honorius)
Died	411 (before 18 September)
Place of death	Vienne, Viennensis
Father	Constantine III

Constans II^[1] was the eldest son of the Roman usurper Constantine III and was appointed co-emperor by him from 409 to 411. He was killed during the revolts and fighting that ended his father’s reign.

Career

Elder son of Claudius Constantine and brother of Julian,^[2] in his youth Constans was a monk.^[3] In the summer of 408, his father, who had proclaimed himself Emperor the previous year in Britain^[4] and passed in Northern Europe, proclaimed him Caesar,^[5] and sent him with the general Gerontius and the prefect Apollinaris into Hispania, to rule the province and fight some members of the House of Theodosius (four cousins of Honorius -- Theodosiolus, Lagodius, Didimus and Verenianus) who had not recognised Constantine and had stayed loyal to the Emperor.^[6] After some initial defeats, Constans captured two of his enemies (Didymus and Theodosiolus), while the other two fled to Constantinople.^[7] He left his wife and household at Zaragoza under the care of Gerontius to return to report to Arles, where the two prisoners were put to death .^[8]

In Autumn 409, some barbarian population plundered Gaul, reached the Pyrenees, swept away Roman defences and entered in Hispania.^[9] Constantine, without the approval of the Emperor Honorius elevated Constans to the rank of Augustus;^[10] Constans was to go to Hispania to settle the matter, but before leaving news came that Gerontius had stopped the invaders, had rebelled to Constantine, and had proclaimed Emperor one of his men, Maximus of Hispania.^[11] With the support of the barbarians, Gerontius spread over Constantine's territory; in 411, he captured the city of Vienne and put Constans to death.^[12]

Legend

British legend, aided by Geoffrey of Monmouth, states that Constans was elected by the Britons as king after Constantine's death. This contradicts the known history of Constans, as does the remainder of his British story. The legend claims Constans, older brother to Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon,^[13] spent his early life studying at a monastery. During the succession crisis following Constantine's murder, Vortigern, leader of the Gewissei tribe of Celts, convinced Constans to leave the religious life and become king.^[14] The weak and unpopular former monk became a puppet, putting all but the title of his office into the hands of Vortigern.^[15] Vortigern eventually disposed of him by tricking some Picts, liaisons in his employ, into murdering him in his sleep.^[16] The treacherous Vortigern took the throne for himself.^[17]

Sources

Primary sources

• Zosimus, Historia Nova, Book 6 Historia Nova
• Orosius, Historiae adversum Paganos, 7.40

Secondary sources

• Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199252374 
• Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN ISBN 0521201594
• 3 Elton, Hugh, "Constans III (409-411 A.D.)", D.I.R.
• Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1741965988 
• Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. I (1889)
• Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1888)

References

1. ^ Jones, pg. 310
2. ^ Jones, pg. 310
3. ^ Canduci, pg. 153
4. ^ Jones, pg. 316
5. ^ Birley, pg. 459
6. ^ Bury, pg. 140
7. ^ Gibbon, Ch. 30
8. ^ Elton, Constans II (409-411 A.D.)
9. ^ Elton, Constantine III (407-411 A.D.)
10. ^ Canduci, pg. 153
11. ^ Elton, Constans II (409-411 A.D.)
12. ^ Birley, pg. 460
13. ^ Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, 6:5
14. ^ Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, 6:6
15. ^ Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, 6:7
16. ^ Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, 6:9
17. ^ Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, 6:10

Preceded by Constantine III (usurper)

Mythical British Kings

Succeeded by Vortigern