Gordian II

Gordian II
29th Emperor of the Roman Empire
Denarius featuring Gordian II
Reign	22 March – 12 April 238 (with Gordian, and in revolt against Maximinus Thrax)
Full name	Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus (from birth to accession);[1] Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus (as emperor)
Born	c. 192
Died	12 April 238 (aged 46)
Place of death	Carthage, Africa Proconsularis
Predecessor	Maximinus Thrax
Successor	Pupienus and Balbinus
Consort to	None
Dynasty	Gordianan
Father	Gordian I
Mother	Unknown, possibly Fabia Orestilla[2]

Year of the Six Emperors – 238
Maximinus Thrax Gordian I and Gordian II Pupienus and Balbinus, nominally with Gordian III Gordian III
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Gordian II (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus;^[3] c. 192 – April 12, 238), was Roman Emperor for one month with his father Gordian I in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. Seeking to overthrow the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, he died in battle outside of Carthage.

Early career

Born c. 192, Gordian II was the only known son of Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus the Elder. His family were of Equestrian rank, who were modest and very wealthy.^[4] Gordian was said to be related to prominent senators.^[5] His praenomen and nomen Marcus Antonius suggest that his paternal ancestors received Roman citizenship under the Triumvir Mark Antony, or one of his daughters, during the late Roman Republic.^[5] Gordian’s cognomen ‘Gordianus’ suggests that his family origins were from Anatolia, especially Galatia and Cappadocia.^[6]

According to the notoriously unreliable Historia Augusta, his mother was a Roman woman called Fabia Orestilla,^[2] born circa 165, who the Augustan History claims was a descendant of Roman Emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius through her father Fulvus Antoninus.^[2] Modern historians have dismissed this name and her information as false.^[7] There is some evidence to suggest that Gordian's mother may have been the granddaughter of Greek Sophist, consul and tutor Herodes Atticus.^[8] His younger sister was Antonia Gordiana, who was the mother of Emperor Gordian III.

Although the memory of the Gordians would have been cherished by the Senate and thus appear sympathetic in any Senatorial documentation of the period, the only account of Gordian's early career that has survived is contained within the Historia Augusta, and it cannot be taken as an accurate or reliable description of his life story prior to his elevation to the purple in 238.^[9] According to this source, Gordian served as quaestor in Elagabalus' reign^[10] and as praetor and consul suffect with Emperor Alexander Severus.^[11][12] In 237, Gordian went to the Africa Proconsularis as a legatus under his father's command as a proconsular governor.^[4]

Gordian II on a coin, celebrating his military prowess

Revolt against Maximinus Thrax

Early in 235, Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Avita Mamaea were assassinated by mutinous troops at Moguntiacum in Germania Inferior.^[13] The leader of the rebellion, Maximinus Thrax, became Emperor, despite his low-born background and the disapproval of the Roman Senate.^[14] Confronted by a local elite that had just killed Maximinus’ procurator,^[1] Gordian's father was forced to participate in a full scale revolt against Maximinus in 238 and became Augustus on March 22.^[8] Due to Gordian I's advanced age, the younger Gordian was attached to the imperial throne and acclaimed Augustus too.^[1] Like his father, he too was awarded the cognomen Africanus.^[8]

Father and son saw their claim to the throne ratified both by the Senate^[15] and most of the other provinces, due to Maximinus' unpopularity.^[16]

Opposition would come from the neighbouring province of Numidia.^[16] Capelianus, governor of Numidia, a loyal supporter of Maximinus Thrax, and who held a grudge against Gordian,^[16] renewed his allegiance to the reigning emperor^[17] and invaded Africa province with the only legion stationing in the region, III Augusta, and other veteran units.^[18] Gordian II, at the head of a militia army of untrained soldiers, lost the Battle of Carthage and was killed.^[8] According to the Historia Augusta, his body was never recovered.^[19] Hearing the news, his father took his own life.^[8] This first rebellion against Maximinus Thrax was unsuccessful but, by the end of 238, Gordian II's nephew would be recognised emperor by the whole Roman world as Gordian III .^[20]

See also

• Villa Gordiani

Sources

Primary sources

• Herodian, Roman History, Book 7
• Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians
• Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus
• Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
• Zosimus, Historia Nova

Secondary sources

• Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001
• Syme, Ronald, Emperors and Biography, Oxford University Press, 1971
• Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004
• Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199252374 
• Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1741965988 
• Meckler, Michael L., Gordian II (238 A.D.), De Imperatoribus Romanis (2001)
• Gibbon. Edward Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire (1888)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Southern, pg. 66
2. ^ ^{a b c} Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 17:4
3. ^ In Classical Latin, Gordian's name would be inscribed as MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS.
4. ^ ^{a b} Canduci, pg. 63
5. ^ ^{a b} Birley, pg. 340
6. ^ Peuch, Bernadette, "Orateurs et sophistes grecs dans les inscriptions d'époque impériale", (2002), pg. 128
7. ^ Syme, pp.100-101
8. ^ ^{a b c d e} Meckler, Gordian II
9. ^ Syme, pp. 1-16
10. ^ Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 18:4
11. ^ Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 18:5
12. ^ Birley, pg. 341. An inscription confirming this fact has been found at Caesarea in Palestine.
13. ^ Potter, pg. 167
14. ^ Southern, pg. 64
15. ^ Herodian, 7:7:2
16. ^ ^{a b c} Potter, pg. 170
17. ^ Southern, pg. 67
18. ^ Herodian, 7:9:3
19. ^ Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 16:1
20. ^ Southern, pg. 68

External links

• Gordian II coinage

Regnal titles
Preceded by Maximinus Thrax	Roman Emperor 238 Served alongside: Gordian I	Succeeded by Pupienus and Balbinus

Persondata
Name	Gordian 02
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	192
Place of birth
Date of death	238
Place of death	Carthage, Africa Proconsularis