Parks and Recreation

Parks and Recreation
This article is about the television series. For a list of parks and recreation departments, see Department of Parks and Recreation.
Parks and Recreation
Parks and recreation title.jpg
Parks and Recreation title card
Genre Sitcom
Mockumentary
Political satire
Created by Greg Daniels
Michael Schur
Starring Amy Poehler
Rashida Jones
Aziz Ansari
Nick Offerman
Aubrey Plaza
Paul Schneider
Chris Pratt
Adam Scott
Rob Lowe
Jim O'Heir
Retta
Country of origin United States
Language(s) English
No. of seasons 4
No. of episodes 54 (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s) Greg Daniels
Michael Schur
Howard Klein
Producer(s) Morgan Sackett
Amy Poehler
Location(s) Pawnee, Indiana (setting)
Camera setup Single camera
Running time 22 minutes
Production company(s) Deedle-Dee Productions
Schur Films
Polka Dot Pictures
Fremulon
3 Art Entertainment
Distributor Universal Television
Broadcast
Original channel NBC
Original run April 9, 2009 – present
External links
Website

Parks and Recreation is an American comedy television series on NBC that focuses on Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler), a mid-level bureaucrat in the parks department of Pawnee, a fictional town in Indiana. Created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, the series debuted on April 9, 2009; it has run for three seasons and is currently airing its fourth. Originally conceived as a spin-off to The Office, Daniels and Schur instead created a stand-alone series that shares that show's single-camera, mockumentary filming style.

The writers researched local California politics for the show, and consulted with real-life urban planners and elected officials. The Leslie Knope character underwent minor changes after the first season in response to audience feedback that she seemed unintelligent and "ditzy". The writing staff tried to incorporate current events into their episodes, such as a government shutdown in Pawnee inspired by the real-life global financial crisis.

The Parks and Recreation staff tried to differentiate their show from The Office through subtle differences in their filming, like multiple camera angles during interviews and frequent use of jump cut techniques. Improvisation is encouraged among the cast, and dialogue made up by the actors often make the final cut of the episodes. Several guest stars have appeared on Parks and Recreation, including Megan Mullally, Louis C.K., Will Arnett, Justin Theroux, John Larroquette, Mo Collins, Parker Posey, Paula Pell, Dan Castellaneta, Andy Samberg, Will Forte, and Patricia Clarkson.

Parks and Recreation received generally mixed to negative reviews during its first season, with many critics claiming it was too similar to The Office. However, reviews were much more positive in the second and third seasons, with several reviewers declaring it one of the best shows on television. The show has received several awards and nominations, including an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series and two Emmy nominations for Poehler's performance. Despite the critical acclaim, Parks and Recreation has struggled in the Nielsen ratings throughout its run on NBC.

Contents

Synopsis

Main article: List of Parks and Recreation episodes

Season one

Main article: Parks and Recreation (season 1)

Parks and Recreation revolves around Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler), the deputy director of the parks and recreation department in the fictional Indiana town of Pawnee. Local nurse Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones) demands a construction pit next to her house be filled in after her boyfriend, Andy Dwyer (Chris Pratt), fell in and broke his legs. Leslie vows to turn the pit into a park, despite resistance from the parks director Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman), an anti-government Libertarian.[1] City planner Mark Brendanawicz (Paul Schneider) – for whom Leslie harbors romantic feelings – pragmatically insists the project is unrealistic due to government red tape,[2] but nevertheless secretly convinces Ron to approve the project.[1] Leslie and her staff, including Tom Haverford (Aziz Ansari) and the uninterested summer intern April Ludgate (Aubrey Plaza), try encouraging community interest in the pit project, but meet resistance.[3] Later, Ann becomes furious to learn Andy has faked the severity of his injuries so Ann would pamper him. Meanwhile, a drunken and lonely Mark takes Leslie to the pit and kisses her, but she rejects his advances, not wishing to move forward while Mark is drunk. An embarrassed Mark accidentally falls into the pit and injures himself.[4]

Season two

Main article: Parks and Recreation (season 2)

Ann breaks up with Andy and begins dating Mark, with Leslie's approval.[5] It is revealed that Tom's marriage to the attractive surgeon Wendy (Jama Williamson) is actually a green card marriage which, to his disappointment, eventually ends in divorce.[6] Meanwhile, Ron is visited by his horrible ex-wife Tammy (Megan Mullally), a librarian who unsuccessfully tries seducing him into turning the pit into a library branch.[7] The pit is eventually filled in and converted to a multi-purpose lot.[8] April becomes attracted to Andy, but he remains fixated on Ann.[9] Just as Mark plans to propose to Ann, she reveals she no longer has feelings for him.[10] They break up, and Mark leaves his city hall career for a private sector job. Meanwhile, a crippling budget deficit leads state auditors Chris Traeger (Rob Lowe) and Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) to temporarily shut down the Pawnee government, much to Leslie's horror and Ron's delight. Meanwhile, Andy develops feelings for April, but she fears he is still hung up on Ann. Ann later kisses Andy due to conflicting emotions from her break-up with Mark, prompting April to angrily reject Andy. The season ends with Tom shockingly discovering that Ron is now dating his ex-wife, Wendy.[11]

Season three

Main article: Parks and Recreation (season 3)

Leslie decides to bring back the defunct Pawnee harvest festival, the success or failure of which will determine the financial future of the department.[12] After weeks of planning, the festival becomes a tremendous success through Leslie's efforts.[13] Ann and Chris briefly date, but they break up after he returns to his old job in Indianapolis. Later, however, Chris returns to become Pawnee's acting city manager,[14] and Ben also takes a job in Pawnee.[15] Jealous over Ron dating Wendy, Tom briefly dates Tammy to get even, but the two eventually reconcile.[16] Andy wins April back and they start dating. Only a few weeks later, they marry in a surprise ceremony.[15][17] Leslie and Ben begin dating, but keep it secret due to Chris' policy against workplace romances. Leslie is approached about possibly running for elected office, a life-long dream of hers, but when asked about potential scandals in her life she neglects to mention her relationship with Ben. Tom quits his city hall job to form an entertainment company with his friend, Jean-Ralphio (Ben Schwartz). The season ends with a horrified Ron learning that his first ex-wife, also named Tammy, has come to see him; the actress who plays her is not revealed.[18]

Season four

Main article: Parks and Recreation (season 4)

In March 2011, NBC announced Parks and Recreation had been renewed for a fourth season, which premiered September 22, 2011.[19][20][21] Series co-creator Michael Schur said the season will deal in part with Leslie's dilemma over whether to continue her romance with Ben or pursue her dream of running for office, as well as Tom's efforts with his entertainment company.[22] NBC also announced that Patricia Clarkson had been cast as "Tammy One", Ron's first ex-wife, and that Paul Schneider would return as Mark in a story arc.[23][24]

Production

Crew

Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios produced Parks and Recreation starting with the first season,[25] and the production companies Fremulon and 3 Arts Entertainment also became involved with the show starting with the second season.[26] The series was created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, who served as executive producers along with Howard Klein. Klein previously worked with Daniels and Schur on The Office, a half-hour NBC comedy Daniels adapted from the British comedy of the same name, created by Ricky Gervais. Schur served as the showrunner of Parks and Recreation,[27] while Amy Poehler and Morgan Sackett worked as producers.[25] Dean Holland, an editor on The Office, also worked as an editor on Parks and Recreation.[28] Mike Scully, a former executive producer and showrunner for The Simpsons, joined Parks and Recreation as a consulting producer starting in the middle of the first season.[29] Allison Jones, who worked as a casting director for The Office, served in the same capacity at the start of Parks and Recreation,[30] along with Nancy Perkins, for whom the character Ann Perkins was named.[31] Dorian Frankel became the casting director starting with the second season. Alan Yang, Harris Wittels and Katie Dippold, all of whom were Parks and Recreation screenwriters, also worked as executive story editors.[32]

The pilot episode was written by Daniels and Schur, and directed by Daniels.[33] Daniels also directed the second season episode "Hunting Trip", while Schur made his directorial debut with the first season finale "Rock Show", and wrote or directed several other episodes including "Sister City",[34] "The Master Plan"[35] and "Time Capsule".[36] Poehler wrote two episodes: the second season episode "Telethon" and the third season's "The Fight".[37] Holland also directed several episodes throughout the series, including "The Master Plan".[35] Norm Hiscock, a consulting producer on the show,[32] wrote a number of episodes including the first season finale "Rock Show" and second season premiere "Pawnee Zoo".[38] Other regular screenwriters included Katie Dippold, Daniel J. Goor, Aisha Muharrar, Emily Spivey, Harris Wittels and Alan Yang.[39] Frequent Parks and Recreation directors include Randall Einhorn,[40] Troy Miller,[41] and Jason Woliner,[42] with several others guest-directing one or two episodes such as Jeffrey Blitz,[43] Paul Feig,[44] Tucker Gates,[45] Seth Gordon,[3] Nicole Holofcener,[46] Beth McCarthy Miller,[47] Michael McCullers,[48] and Charles McDougall.[49]

Cast

See also: Characters of Parks and Recreation
A group of people stand in an office-style room in front of a table with documents and booklets. From left to right stand a man with arms crossed wearing a black shirt, a man wearing a gray suit and green tie with his arms behind his back, a woman in a gray suitcoat and red shirt, a woman with a gray jacket and purple shirt, a man with arms crossed wearing a tan suit, a young girl wearing a blue blouise and gray shirt and a seated man wearing a white T-shirt with red sleeves.
The cast of the first season Parks and Recreation included (from left to right), Paul Schneider, Aziz Ansari, Amy Poehler, Rashida Jones, Nick Offerman, Aubrey Plaza and Chris Pratt.

The principal cast starting in season one included:[25]

  • Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, a mid-level bureaucrat with a strong love of her home town of Pawnee, who has not let politics dampen her sense of optimism; her ultimate goal is to become President of the United States.[50] Poehler departed from the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, where she was a cast member for nearly seven years, to star in Parks and Recreation.[51][52] It was only after she was cast that Daniels and Schur established the general concept of the show and the script for the pilot was written.[53]
  • Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins, a nurse and political outsider who gradually becomes more involved in Pawnee government through her friendship with Leslie.[17] Jones was among the first to be cast by Daniels and Schur in 2008, when the series was still being considered as a spin-off to The Office, where Jones had played Jim Halpert's girlfriend Karen Filippelli.[53][54]
  • Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Leslie's sarcastic and underachieving subordinate,[55] who eventually begins to consider leaving his city hall job to pursue his own entrepreneurial interests.[56] As with Jones, Daniels and Schur had intended to cast Ansari from the earliest stages of the development of Parks and Recreation.[53][54]
  • Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson, the parks and recreation director who, as a Libertarian, believes in as small a government as possible. As such, Ron strives to make his department as ineffective as possible, and favors hiring employees who do not care about their jobs or are poor at them.[55] Nevertheless, Ron consistently demonstrates that he secretly cares deeply about his fellow co-workers.[57]
  • Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, a cynical and disinterested parks department intern who eventually becomes the perfect assistant for Ron.[58] The role was written specifically for Plaza; after meeting her, casting director Allison Jones told Schur, "I just met the weirdest girl I've ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show."[27]
  • Paul Schneider as Mark Brendanawicz, a city planner who entered the field with a sense of optimism, but has since become jaded and disillusioned.[59] Schneider said early in the series he was insecure in the role because he was still trying to figure out the character's motivations.[60] He left the cast after the second season to pursue his film career.[61]
  • Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, a goofy and dim-witted but lovable slacker. Pratt was originally intended to be a guest star and the character Andy was initially meant to appear only in the first season, but the producers liked Pratt so much that, almost immediately after casting him, they decided to make him a regular cast member starting with season two.[62]
Rob Lowe (left) and Adam Scott (right) joined the cast of Parks and Recreation during the last two episodes of the second season.

Two new cast members joined the show starting with the penultimate second season episode, "The Master Plan":[63]

  • Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt, a competent but socially-awkward government official trying to redeem his past as a failed mayor in his youth.[64] Scott left his starring role on the Starz comedy series Party Down to join the show.[63]
  • Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger, an excessively positive and extremely health-conscious government official.[65] Unlike Scott, Lowe was originally expected to depart after a string of guest appearances,[66][67] but later signed a multi-year contract to become a regular cast member.[67][68]

Jim O'Heir and Retta made regular appearances as Jerry and Donna from the start of the show, but their personalities did not become developed until the second season. Schur said the Parks and Recreation staff liked the actors so decided to include them in the show and "figured we'd work it out later". A throwaway joke at Jerry's expense in the episode "Practice Date" led him to be established as the co-worker the rest of the department affectionately picks on.[27] It was not until the third season they became considered regular cast members, although they still do not appear in the opening credits.[69]

Several actors have made recurring guest appearances throughout the show, including Pamela Reed as Leslie's mother and fellow politician Marlene Griggs-Knope,[3] Ben Schwartz as Tom's fast-talking friend Jean-Ralphio,[70] Jama Williamson as Tom's ex-wife Wendy,[71] Mo Collins as morning talk show host Joan Callamezzo, Jay Jackson as television broadcaster Perd Hapley,[72] Alison Becker as newspaper reporter Shauna Malwae-Tweep,[43] Darlene Hunt as conservative activist Marcia Langman,[73] and Andy Forrest as Andy's frequent shoeshine customer Kyle.[74] Megan Mullally, the real-life wife of Nick Offerman, portrayed Ron's ex-wife Tammy in the second season's "Ron and Tammy", a role she reprised in later episodes.[7][75] The performance was well received, which made the Parks and Recreation producers feel more comfortable about using celebrity guest actors in later episodes.[76][77] Other such celebrity guests included Fred Armisen,[78] Will Arnett,[79] H. Jon Benjamin,[80] Matt Besser,[81] Louis C.K.,[82] Will Forte,[67] Michael Gross,[83] Nick Kroll,[81] John Larroquette,[84] Natalie Morales,[85] Parker Posey,[86] Andy Samberg,[76] Roy Hibbert, Detlef Schrempf,[10] and Justin Theroux.[84]

Conception

A shot from the shoulders up of a blond woman with blue eyes wearing a white and green dress, smiling and looking at something outside the image.
The concept for Parks and Recreation came together only after producers learned Amy Poehler (pictured) would be available to play the protagonist.

Immediately after Ben Silverman was named co-chairman of NBC's entertainment division in 2007, he asked Greg Daniels to create a spin-off of The Office.[53][87] Daniels co-created Parks and Recreation with Michael Schur, who had been a writer on The Office. The two spent months considering ideas for the new series and debating whether to make it a stand-alone show rather than a spin-off.[53] According to Daniels, they eventually abandoned the original spin-off plan because they "couldn't find the right fit".[87] They considered a series about a local government official trying to rebuild a political career following a humiliating public spectacle. They ultimately abandoned the idea, although, it was ultimately incorporated into the backstory for Ben Wyatt late in the second season.[35][88] After Amy Poehler agreed to play the lead, they decided the show would revolve around an optimistic bureaucrat in small-town government.[53]

The idea was partly inspired by the portrayal of local politics on the HBO drama series The Wire, as well as the renewed interest in and optimism about politics stemming from the 2008 United States presidential election.[89][90] The staff was also drawn to the idea of building a show around a female relationship, namely Leslie Knope and Ann Perkins.[27] Reports that Daniels and Schur were developing a show together led to press speculation that it would, in fact, be a spin-off of The Office.[2][91] The producers insisted their new series would be entirely independent. Nevertheless, their concept for it shared several elements with The Office, particularly the mockumentary approach and the encouragement of improvisation among the cast, even though the episodes were scripted.[53] The series was scheduled as a mid-season replacement,[89] and was rushed into production to meet the premiere date of April 9, 2009.[2] Before the title Parks and Recreation was chosen, the name Public Service was considered, but ultimately rejected because network officials did not want to be accused of mocking the idea.[92]

Writing

When we were talking about this, we were in the middle of the election. The economy hadn’t collapsed yet, but we got the general sense that the government was going to be playing a more significant role in years to come. We had no idea how right we were.

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The show's writers spent time researching local California politics and attending Los Angeles City Council meetings.[89] Schur said they observed that many community hearings were attended only by those opposed, often angrily, to the proposals under consideration. This became a major component of town hall meeting scenes in Parks and Recreation, and was the basis for the entire "Canvassing" episode.[3][30] The writers consulted with real-life government officials such as urban planners and elected officials.[87][89] Scott Albright, a California city planner, provided direct feedback for the Mark Brendanawicz character,[59] and the inspiration for Ron Swanson's anti-government convictions came from a real-life encounter Schur had in Burbank with a Libertarian government official who admitted, "I don't really believe in the mission of my job."[89] The concept of turning a construction pit into a park was seen as a device to bring all the characters together working toward a common goal. The writers originally envisioned the pit becoming a park only in the series finale, although those plans were later changed and the pit was filled in during the second season.[27] While researching whether such a project could realistically last several months or longer, Schur spoke to urban planners in Claremont, California who said it was entirely plausible because they had recently broken ground on a park that had been in various planning stages for 18 years.[87]

Daniels and Schur wrote the script for the pilot episode in mid-2008.[53] The original script portrayed Leslie and Mark as slightly less likable than they appeared in the final draft, and they were changed to be more appealing in response to feedback the episode received from focus groups and press tour screenings.[93] Schur said the writing staff strove to avoid the type of cynical humor prevalent in most television comedies at the time, and wanted the characters to have genuine appreciation for each other. Schur said of this, "I've never liked mean-spirited comedy. The characters on our show make fun of each other, but not in a biting, angry way. And there’s no shortage of conflict in the world of government."[27] The first season episodes were written and developed relatively quickly after each other, and Schur said the staff was treating the entire six-episode season as if it was one television pilot.[27] Daniels felt due to pre-expectations from viewers familiar with The Office, the first season episodes were "just about trying to tell people what we weren't", and that the writers had a better understanding of the characters by season two and could better write to their strengths.[89][94]

During the first season, the writing staff received audience feedback that Leslie Knope seemed unintelligent and "ditzy". Schur said the writers did not intend for Leslie to be stupid, but rather an overeager woman who "takes her job too seriously, so a particular effort was made to present that character as more intelligent and capable at her job starting in the second season.[62] The staff also decided to end the construction pit story arc with the second season episode "Kaboom", in which it was filled and turned into a lot.[8][90] Although it was originally conceived that the pit would only become a park in the series finale, but Schur said the plotline was accelerated because early episodes were too focused on the pit and had led viewers to believe the entire show was about filling it in, which was not the writers' intention.[27] Also starting with the second season, the writers made an effort to be more topical and incorporate current events into their scripts.[62][82] For example, the episode "Pawnee Zoo" included social commentary about same-sex marriage.[90][95] "The Stakeout" included a parody of the controversial arrest of Harvard University professor Henry Louis Gates,[82] and a sex scandal involving a Pawnee councilman in "Practice Date" mirrored the real-life 2009 scandal of South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford.[96]

Starting in the middle of the second season, the writing staff began to draw inspirations from The Remains of the Day (1993) and The Contender (2000). Schur explained that The Remains of the Day was about two people who are forced not to convey their romantic feelings for each other due to a repressive social system, which Schur compared to modern-day government, and that The Contender was about a female politician trying to succeed amid intense scrutiny in a political arena dominated by men, which is similar to challenges Leslie Knope occasionally encounters.[97] The financial difficulties Pawnee experiences during the late second season and third season episodes were reflective of the financial crisis facing the nation and much of the world when the episodes were produced.[57] The introduction of Chris Traeger and Ben Wyatt as state auditors visiting Pawnee, and the subsequent government shutdown, were inspired by news reports at the time of a number of states considering a shut down of schools, parks and other services due to the global recession.[61][98] The third season included a seven-episode story arc about the characters organizing a harvest festival, and staking the financial future of their department on its success.[13][99] The festival served as a device united the characters much like the construction pit had earlier in the show. Schur said this was done because the first six episodes were written and filmed early, and the writing staff felt having one concise storyline to tie them together kept the writers focused and, in Schur's words, help "organize our tired, end-of-the-year brains".[17][27]

Filming

Like The Office, Parks and Recreation is filmed with a single-camera setup in a cinéma vérité style simulating the look of an actual documentary, with no studio audience or laugh track. Within the context of the show, the characters are being filmed by a documentary crew, the members of which are never seen or heard from on-screen. The actors occasionally look at and directly address the cameras, and in some scenes directly engage the cameras in one-on-one interviews with the documentary crew members.[53] Although the episodes are scripted, improvisation is permitted and encouraged among the cast, and dialogue or performances that are made up by the actors during filming often make the final cut of the episodes.[30][53] Schur said he believes the mockumentary style is particularly fitting for a show about city government because "it’s a device for showing the ways people act and behave differently when they're in public and private [and] the difference between what goes on behind closed doors and what people present to the public is a huge issue".[27] The Parks and Recreation producers approach each episode as if they are filming a real documentary. They typically shoot enough for a 35- or 40-minute episode, then cut it down to 22 minutes, using the best material.[43] Due to the improvisational acting and hand-held camerawork, a great deal of extra footage is shot that must be discarded for the final cut;[30][100] for example, the original cut of the 22-minute pilot was 48 minutes long.[30] The producers film about nine pages of the script each day, a large amount by U.S. television standards.[100]

Despite the similarities in the mockumentary style with The Office, Daniels and Schur sought to establish a slightly different tone in the camerawork of the pilot episode. The one-on-one interviews, for example, sometimes feature two separate camera angles on the same person; the footage is intercut to create the final version of the scene. This technique was inspired by The Five Obstructions, a 2003 experimental documentary directed by Lars Von Trier and Jørgen Leth, which Daniels watched at the suggestion of actor Paul Schneider.[33] Another distinction from The Office is that, while almost all footage from that show is filmed in a workplace setting, the documentary crew on Parks and Recreation regularly follows the characters into more intimate, non-work settings, such as on dates or at their homes.[101] Parks and Recreation also makes frequent use of the jump cut technique. For instance, one scene in the pilot episode repeatedly jump cuts between brief clips in which Leslie seeks permission from Ron to pursue the pit project.[33] Early in the season, editor Dean Holland developed a technique that would be used throughout the series. During a scene in "The Reporter" in which Leslie reacts to quotes read to her by the journalist, Poehler improvised a number of jokes, many of which were ultimately going to be cut from the episode. Holland thought they were all funny, so he created a brief montage intercutting several of the lines.[43]

The exterior of the Pawnee government building, and several of the hallway scenes, were shot at Pasadena City Hall (pictured).

Principal photography began on February 18, 2009, less than two months before the show premiered.[102] The show faced early production delays because Poehler was pregnant when she signed on, and filming had to be postponed until she gave birth.[62][89] The show was filmed in Southern California.[33] The exterior of the Pawnee government building, and several of the hallway scenes, were shot at Pasadena City Hall.[33] The parks and recreation department interiors, as well as the Town Hall courtyard, were filmed on a large studio set sound stage. The set's windows were outfitted with water systems to simulate falling rain, and the windowsills included fake pigeons.[30][48] The set also includes four hallways that make up the hospital setting where Ann Perkins works as a nurse.[101] The construction pit featured throughout the first and second seasons was dug by the episode's producers at an undeveloped property in Van Nuys, a district of Los Angeles. The producers went door-to-door in the neighborhood, seeking residents' permission for the dig.[33] The pit was guarded 24 hours a day.[103] Scenes set in playgrounds and elsewhere outdoors were filmed on location in Los Angeles.[3][33] Most scenes set in locations outside the usual Parks and Recreation settings are also filmed in Los Angeles-area locations. For example, public forum scenes in the pilot episode were filmed in one of the city's middle schools,[33] and a town meeting scene in the episode "Eagleton" was shot at the Toluca Lake Sports Center in the Toluca Lake district of Los Angeles.[86] Elaborate festival setting and corn maze sets featured in "Harvest Festival" was filmed at a real-life festival setting in Los Angeles Pierce College, a community college in California.[76][104][105] Schur said an aerial shot of the harvest festival at the end of the episode was the most expensive shot in the entire series.[76]

Toward the end of production on the second season, Poehler became pregnant again and the producers of the show were forced to go into production on season three early and film an additional six episodes to accommodate not only Poehler's pregnancy, but also a projected September 2010 air date.[37][106] However, after the episodes were already filmed, NBC opted not to put the show on the fall schedule and instead delayed the premiere of the third season until the beginning of 2011.[57][106] This allowed for the network to run its new comedy, Outsourced, in two-hour comedy schedule block rather than Parks and Recreation.[107][108] The schedule change meant that all sixteen episodes from the third season will have been filmed before any of them is shown;[106] the rest of the episodes, starting with the seventh, were filmed in the fall of 2010.[109][110] NBC chief executive officer Jeff Gaspin said this move was not a reflection on Parks and Recreation, and suggested the extended hiatus would not only have no negative effect on the show, but could actually build anticipation for its return.[107] The move proved frustrating for the cast and crew of Parks and Recreation,[12][111] although Poehler also pointed out it gave them additional time to go back and re-edit episodes or shoot and add new material.[104][109]

Music

The show's musical theme was written by Gaby Moreno and Vincent Jones.[33] Michael Schur said in selecting a theme song, they wanted something that would immediately make the viewer associate the music with the series and the characters.[112] He said of Moreno's and Jones' song: "It does a really good job of explaining what the town is like. (The) credits do a really good job of establishing it's just sort of a normal, every-day town in the middle of the country."[30] Due to its realistic mockumentary-style cinematography technique, Parks and Recreation does not use composed background music.[33] Several songs were written for the show to be performed by Andy Dwyer's character and his band within the show, "Mouse Rat". Chris Pratt, who plays Andy, sings and plays guitar in the band himself, while the drums are played by Mark Rivers, the guitar is played by Andrew Burlinson, and the bass guitar is played by Alan Yang, a screenwriter with the show.[59]

Pratt and the other band members played live during filming of the episode, rather than pre-recorded and dubbed later.[113] One song featured in "Rock Show" called "The Pit" is Andy's experience falling into a construction pit and breaking his legs.[59] A ballad about Ann Perkins featured in the episode "Boys' Club", called "Ann", was written by Pratt himself.[113] The lyrics to a song featured in "The Master Plan" about April Ludgate, called "November", were written by Michael Schur.[35] In the episode "Woman of the Year", Andy claims every song he writes includes either the lyrics, "Spread your wings and fly" or "You deserve to be a champion." As a result of that joke, every "Mouse Rat" song featured in the series since then has included one of those two lyrics.[35] In the episode "Telethon", Andy plays the song "Sex Hair", about how one can tell whether someone had sex because their hair is matted.[114][115] In "Li'l Sebastian", Andy performs a tribute song called "5,000 Candles in the Wind", where he tries to write a song 5,000 times better than Elton John's "Candle in the Wind".[116]

Reception

Broadcast

Parks and Recreation was broadcast in the 8:30 pm timeslot Thursdays on NBC in the United States during its first two seasons, as part of the network's Comedy Night Done Right line-up.[117][118] It was moved to a 9:30 pm timeslot during its third season, where it premiered as a mid-season replacement.[118] In the fall of 2011, the show will return to its original 8:30 pm timeslot for the fourth season.[119] In Canada, Parks and Recreation is simsubbed in most areas on Citytv.[120] In the Philippines, it airs on Jack TV every Friday at 9:30 pm, Wednesday at 2:30 am and 10:00 am.[121] In Australia, the series will air on Channel Seven's digital channel, 7mate, on Mondays at 10:00 pm, after having aired Season 1 and five episodes of Season 2 on Seven at a late timeslot of 11:00 pm.[122] In South Africa, the show airs on Pay-TV operator MNET.[123] In Portugal, the show airs on Sony Entertainment Television.[124] In Sweden, it airs on TV4 Komedi. In India, it airs on Zee Cafe.[125] In Denmark the series airs in high definition on DR HD. In the Republic of Ireland, it airs on RTÉ TWO.

In March 2011, Universal Media Studios announced their intentions to sell the syndication rights of Parks and Recreation. Comedy Central, Spike and FX were all described as possible contenders to buy the syndication rights.[126]

Reviews

The 2009-10 season of NBC's Parks and Recreation, which followed a lukewarm six-episode run in the spring of 2009, was probably the most impressive comeback in the history of broadcast comedy. In a single season, it went from a show that was widely shrugged off as the product of talented people in the wrong project to one that made many, many lists of the best shows of the year.

“
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The first season of Parks and Recreation started to receive criticism before the premiere episode aired. According to a March 18, 2009, report that was leaked to television journalist Nikki Finke, focus groups responded poorly to a rough-cut version of the pilot.[89][127] Many focus group members felt the show was a "carbon copy" of The Office. Some found it predictable, slow paced and lacking in character development; others said the show lacked strong male characters, particularly a "datable" lead.[127] Schur insisted the pilot had been completely re-edited at least four times since the focus groups described in the report were held.[87] Nevertheless, the early feedback left many critics and industry observers skeptical about the show's chances of success.[51][89] After it aired, the first season received generally mixed to negative reviews.[128][129] Many critics said the series was too similar to The Office,[nb 1] and several commentators said Leslie Knope too closely resembled Michael Scott, the well-intentioned but dimwitted protagonist of The Office.[nb 2] Some critics said the show's characters and overall tone were too mean-spirited in the early episodes,[90][131] and although reviewers praised various cast members in individual episodes, some said the supporting characters in general needed to be more fully developed and provided with better material.[132][133] However, the season finale "Rock Show" received far better reviews, with several commentators declared that Parks and Recreation had finally found the right tone both generally and for the Leslie Knope character in particular.[nb 3]

Season two was better received,[nb 4] with several publications declaring it among the best shows of 2009 including the Los Angeles Times,[138] the Chicago Tribune,[139] Time,[140][141] Entertainment Weekly,[142] GQ,[143] New York magazine,[144] The Star-Ledger,[145] the San Francisco Chronicle,[146] the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,[147] Paste magazine,[148] IGN,[149] and TV Squad.[150] Several reviewers called the second season one of the most impressive comebacks in television history.[135][151][152] Some reviewers said the supporting cast was now working with better material and that Amy Poheler's character had improved and become less over-the-top and more human than in the first season.[nb 5] Others praised the decision to drop subplots from season one that risked becoming stale, like Leslie's long-standing crush on Mark,[90][129] as well as the decision to fill in the pit during the second season, which some commentators said freed the show up for more stories and better scripts.[8][90] The critical acclaim continued into the third season,[nb 6] which Time magazine writer James Poniewozik called it "a fabulous season – the best thing on TV in 2011 so far",[154] and which TV Squad writer Maureen Ryan, who previously criticized the series,[155] called one of the ten best shows of 2011.[156] Parks and Recreation was featured on the February 11, 2011 cover of Entertainment Weekly, where it was called "the smartest comedy on TV" and which included the article "The 101 Reasons We Love Parks and Recreation".[157]

Amy Poehler said the first season struggled in part due to extremely high expectations from comparisons to The Office. After the first season ended, she said: "I think it was something we had to work through in the beginning, and I’m kind of hoping we’re on the other side of that and people will start to judge the show on its own, for what it is and realize it’s just a completely different world in a similar style."[158] Likewise, Schur said he believed much of the early criticism stemmed from the fact that audiences were not yet familiar with the characters, and he believed viewers who revisited the episodes enjoyed them more because they had gotten to know the characters better as the series progressed.[27] Poehler received wide praise for her performance from the beginning of the series; several reviewers, even those who did not enjoy the show, said her talent, timing and likability helped elevate the series above some of its flaws.[nb 7] Nick Offerman received particularly strong praise for his minimalist and understated performance as Ron Swanson, who many considered the show's breakout character.[nb 8] By the end of the second season, the character had taken on a cult status;[111][164] Jonah Weiner of Slate magazine declared Swanson "Parks and Recreation's secret weapon".[90] Reviewers also consistently praised the performances by supporting actors Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford,[nb 9] and Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer.[nb 10]

Ratings

Season Timeslot (EST) Season Premiere Season Finale TV Season Rank Viewers
(in millions)
1 Thursday 8:30/7:30c April 9, 2009 May 14, 2009 2008–2009 #96[169] 6.0[169]
2 Thursday 8:30/7:30c September 17, 2009 May 20, 2010 2009–2010 #108[170] 4.6[170]
3 Thursday 9:30/8:30c January 20, 2011 May 19, 2011 2010–2011 #116[171] 5.1[171]
4 Thursday 8:30/7:30c September 22, 2011 Spring 2012 2011–2012 TBA TBA

I would love it if our ratings went up and up, and we've done a pretty good job of making our show inviting and friendly, welcoming to new viewers. Other than that, I'm not sure what else we can do. It's very disconcerting.

“
”

Parks and Recreation has struggled in the Nielsen ratings throughout its entire run on NBC.[27] The series premiere was seen in 6.77 million households,[172] which media outlets described as a strong opening, comparable to the average Nielsen ratings for 30 Rock, another Thursday-night show on NBC.[172][173] However, viewership declined almost every week over the rest of the season,[89][nb 11] culminating in a season low of 4.25 million households for the final episode.[178] Parks and Recreation ended the first season with an overall average rating of 5.97 million household viewers, ranking 94th in a list of 193 network shows for the 2008–09 television season.[169] The Office experienced similarly poor ratings during its first season and later became a success. However, the low viewership presented a greater challenge for Parks and Recreation because NBC now trailed CBS, ABC and Fox in the ratings, and the move of comedian Jay Leno from The Tonight Show to a variety show in NBC's 10:00 pm weeknight slot left less room on the network's primetime schedule.[53] At the end of the season, members of the cast and crew were stressed because they did not know whether the show would be renewed.[179][180]

Although Parks and Recreation achieved critical success during the second season, the show continued to suffer in the ratings.[90] By December 2009, the average episode viewership was 5.3 million households, which was lower than the average ratings other Thursday-night NBC comedy shows like Community's 6.5 million households, 30 Rock's 7.3 million and The Office's 10.1 million.[90] For the overall second season, Parks and Recreation had an overall average viewership of 4.6 million households, making it the 108th ranked network series for the 2009–10 season.[170] The poor ratings continued into the third season, which ended with an overall average rating of 5.1 million households, the 116th ranked network series of the 2010–11 television season.[171] Michael Schur partially attributed the continually low viewership to a decline in ratings for NBC in general, as well as changing viewer trends due to a large amount of available channels.[27]

Awards

In 2010, Amy Poehler was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, based on her performance in the second season episode "Telethon".[181][182] Also that year, the Parks and Recreation theme song by Gaby Moreno and Vincent Jones was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music.[183] Parks and Recreation was also nominated for a 2010 Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy, and Nick Offerman received a nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy;[184][185] The second season premiere episode, "Pawnee Zoo", won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Individual Episode.[186][187] Also in 2010, Parks and Recreation received two nominations from Entertainment Weekly's Ewwy Awards: one for Best Comedy Series,[188] and one for Nick Offerman as Best Support Actor in a Comedy.[189] Aubrey Plaza received a Best Supporting Actress in Television nomination from the Imagen Awards, which honors positive portrayals of Latinos in entertainment.[190]

In 2011, Parks and Recreation was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, and Amy Poehler received her second Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.[191][192] In June 2011, Parks and Recreation was nominated for three of the inaugural Critics’ Choice Television Awards. The show itself was nominated for "Best Comedy Series", Amy Poehler was nominated for "Best Actress in a Comedy Series" and Nick Offerman was nominated for "Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series".[193][194] Also that month, Parks and Recreation was nominated for four TCA Awards: Program of the Year, Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Individual Achievement in Comedy awards for Offerman and Poehler. Offerman will also host the TCA Awards ceremony this year.[195]

DVD and streaming video

The first season of Parks and Recreation was released on DVD in region 1 on September 8, 2009. The DVD included all six episodes, as well as an "Extended Producer's Cut" of the season finale, "Rock Show". The disc also included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode, as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes.[196] The second season was released in a four-disc set in region 1 on November 30, 2010. They included extended episodes for "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti", as well as two-and-a-half hours of deleted scenes, a third season preview and additional video clips. Audio commentaries were recorded for the episodes "Sister City", "Ron and Tammy", "Hunting Trip", "Woman of the Year", "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti".[197] Parks and Recreation can be viewed on the streaming video service Hulu,[198] as well as the "Instant Watch" streaming feature of Netflix.[199] Individual episodes can also be purchased on the Apple Inc. digital media iTunes Store and viewed on an NBC mobile browser on the iPhone and iPod Touch.[200]

Notes

  1. ^ Describing the first season, Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Many critics said the show was needlessly similar to “The Office” – both in its mock documentary format and naive lead.".[89] Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger said the season was so similar to The Office it could "very easily be sold" as a spin-off, and that "comparisons between the two shows inevitable".[2] Linda Stasi of the New York Post said, "It is basically the same show simply transported, like one of those houses they put on trailers and take from one place to another."[51] Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club said the similarities to The Office were preventing the show from "establishing its own identity while begging comparison to a far superior comedy".[55] USA Today writer Robert Bianco said that Parks and Recreation was an attempt to "replicate that almost-hit [The Office], from the small-is-stupid tone to the mockumentary visuals".[130]
  2. ^ Denise Martin of The Los Angeles Times wrote that many critics felt the show was too similar to The Office due to its "naive lead".[89] The Star-Ledger's Alan Sepinwall said the two shows featured "central character[s] ... so similar" that Parks and Recreation "could very easily be sold as" a spin-off.[2] Linda Stasi of The New York Post said The Office and Parks and Recreation have an "identical lead character – the self-important middle manager who has no idea that underlings consider him (or in this case, her) an officious fool".[51] The A.V. Club writer Scott Tobias wrote, "Amy Poehler's Leslie Knope is conceived too much like the Michael Scott of petty, inept small-time government", and that Parks and Recreation suffers from the comparison.[55]
  3. ^ The Star-Ledger's Alan Sepinwall described "Rock Show" as "by far the strongest episode of that uneven [first season]",[62] and said, "I think they may have found a good tone for both the series as a whole and Leslie in particular."[93] The A.V. Club writer Leonard Pierce wrote, "This show has managed to conquer the first-season learning curve with lightning speed; starting with 'Rock Show' at the end of last season, it got on a roll like poppy seeds."[78] The A.V. Club's Keith Phipps, who had previously been critical of the series, said he was "back on board" after "Rock Show" because, "I felt like this revived the pilot’s feel for small-town life and it made me like Leslie again."[134] The Hollywood Reporter writer Tom Goodman said while the first five episodes of the season had been disappointing, "Rock Show" marked an improvement in which "the characters were more defined, their quirks and rhythms understood".[135]
  4. ^ Denise Martin of Los Angeles Times wrote, "Parks, in its second season, has emerged as a critical darling that can stand on its own."[89] Entertainment Weekly writer Michael Ausiello wrote, "When it debuted last spring, Amy Poehler's workplace comedy was a snooze and a half. But apparently, while I was sleeping it got better. Lots better."[128] Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com said, "After a slow start in its first season, this show is firing on all pistons, transforming a source of kooky, mild amusement to the kind of smart, incisive parody that's utterly addictive."[129] Time magazine writer James Poniewozik wrote, "Comeback story or just coming into its own? Amy Poehler's sitcom is getting a lot of praise in its second season, and rightfully: it's very very good and very very funny."[136][137] E! Online writer Kristin Dos Santos wrote of the second season, "The storylines are solid, the one-liners hilarious, and the characters much more developed than in season one."[79]
  5. ^ Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger said Leslie Knope was now "more recognizably human than she was at the start" and "a little more self-aware, not always dialed up to 11".[62] Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com wrote, "Instead of turning every character into a joke-spewing lunatic, the writers have started to focus on the aspects of each character that feel organic and interesting [and] we understand Leslie as a fleshed-out character, not just a gigantic buffoon who's funny but tough to care about."[129] Time magazine writer James Poniewozik said of the show, "Now that it's found its rhythm (and reined in Poehler's character, Leslie Knope), it's become an closely observed comedy of small-town government and people."[136] Zap2it writer Rick Porter wrote, "Lots and lots of stories have been written about how much "Parks and Recreation" improved from its first to its second season, and about how lead character Leslie Knope had become smarter and less naive."[109] Entertainment Weekly writer Michael Ausiello said the season improved in part because "Poehler has dialed down her performance as deputy parks director Leslie Knope."[128]
  6. ^ Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club said although he considered Parks and Recreation the funniest sitcom on television during its second season, "it somehow got even better" during the third.[27] Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com said he believed third season "will become [sic] to be recognized as one of the best seasons of any sitcom ever", and that the characters and setting of Pawnee were so fully developed that he felt a close, personal connection to them.[153] Henry Hanks of CNN called it a "a near-flawless season".[18] Scott Meslow of The Atlantic said during the third season, Parks and Recreation was "the funniest, sweetest, most consistent sitcom on television".[116]
  7. ^ USA Today writer Robert Bianco said Parks and Recreation was unoriginal and unentertaining, but said Amy Poehler "makes [Leslie Knope] instantly, innocently appealing."[130] Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times said the supporting cast was weak, but praised Poehler, writing, "The pilot episode isn't perfect, but Ms. Poehler very nearly is".[25] Verne Gay of Newsday said Parks and Recreation was a "near knockoff" of The Office, but added, "Nevertheless, Poehler's still got plenty of appeal here. In time, who knows?"[159] Daniel Carlson of The Hollywood Reporter, who felt the season needed some time to mature, wrote that Poehler was its strongest element and that "she proves instantly she's got the comic intelligence to carry a series like this one".[160]
  8. ^ Steve Heisler of GQ magazine wrote that Nick Offerman's role as Ron Swanson was a major part of the show's "creative resurgence".[161] The Star-Ledger writer Alan Sepinwall said, "The Parks and Rec writers have combined to turn Ron F'ing Swanson into a man who can say completely demented things with absolute certainty, as if they were the most natural thing in the world."[7] Kat Angust of Dose magazine said, "Thank God for Nick Offerman, who plays Ron F**cking Swanson so perfectly deadpan that you actually believe in the ridiculous things he says, which makes it that much funnier."[162] Eric Hochberger of TV Fanatic wrote, "If you read my Parks reviews in the past, you know there's certain character I watch this show for: Ron Swanson. [...] This man has the ability to make us laugh whenever he's on screen."[163]
  9. ^ In his review of the pilot episode, Alan Sepinwall wrote "Aziz Ansari has the funniest role as Tom Haverford, who's cheerfully lazy, corrupt and eager to laugh at Leslie behind her back."[2] Jonah Weiner of Slate.com said he did not enjoy the first season, but that "the brightest spot was Aziz Ansari as Leslie's subordinate Tom Haverford. In Ansari's hands, Tom came wickedly alive as a faux player".[90] Scott Meslow of The Atlantic said Ansari "has somehow found a way to make Tom petulant, sexist, and materialistic without ever being unlikable."[165] Andy Daglas of ChicagoNow praised Ansari's "boisterous, smarmy, ingratiating portrayal" and said the character evolved greatly as the series progressed.
  10. ^ Reviewing the episode "Boys' Club", The A.V. Club's Keith Phipps praised the performance of Chris Pratt, who he said provided a considerable number of laughs. Phipps also wrote, "If the show sticks around, [the Andy Dwyer character] definitely deserves an upgrade."[166] IGN writer Matt Fowler said of "Rock Show", "The antics on this episode really belonged to Andy."[4] In an Entertainment Weekly article, writer Jeremy Medina made a personal appeal to Greg Daniels and Michael Schur to retain Pratt, credited throughout the season as a guest star, as a regular cast member for the show's second season. He wrote, "Pratt, and his goofball fratboy-past-his-prime charm, dominated the show’s season finale, delivering some of the best moments ever in the fledgling series."[167] New York magazine writer Steve Kandell said, along with Ron Swanson, Andy Dwyer usually steals the episodes he appears in.[168]
  11. ^ The Nielsen ratings for the second episode, "Canvassing", dropped to 5.92 million households.[174] The subsequent ratings were 5.24 million households for "The Reporter",[175] 5.29 million for "Boys' Club",[176] 4.64 million for "The Banquet",[177] and 4.25 million for "Rock Show".[178]

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External links

v · d · eParks and Recreation
Episode list · Character list
Characters
Primary
Leslie Knope · Ron Swanson · Tom Haverford · Ann Perkins · April Ludgate · Andy Dwyer · Ben Wyatt · Chris Traeger · Jerry Gergich · Donna Meagle · Mark Brendanawicz
Recurring
Seasons
Season One · Season Two · Season Three · Season Four
Wikipedia books
Seasons of Parks and Recreation · Season 1 · Season 2 · Season 3
v · d · eParks and Recreation episodes
Season 1
"Pilot" · "Canvassing" · The Reporter" · "Boy's Club" · "The Banquet" · "Rock Show"
Season 2
"Pawnee Zoo" · "The Stakeout" · "Beauty Pageant" · "Practice Date" · "Sister City" · "Kaboom" · "Greg Pikitis" · "Ron and Tammy" · "The Camel" · "Hunting Trip" · "Tom's Divorce" · "Christmas Scandal" · "The Set Up" · "Leslie's House" · "Sweetums" · "Galentine's Day" · "Woman of the Year" · "The Possum" · "Park Safety" · "Summer Catalog" · "94 Meetings" · "Telethon" · "The Master Plan" · "Freddy Spaghetti"
Season 3
"Go Big or Go Home" · "Flu Season" · "Time Capsule" · "Ron & Tammy: Part Two" · "Media Blitz" · "Indianapolis" · "Harvest Festival" · "Camping" · "Andy and April's Fancy Party" · "Soulmates" · "Jerry's Painting" · "Eagleton" · "The Fight" · "Road Trip" · "The Bubble" · "Li'l Sebastian"
Season 4
"I'm Leslie Knope" · "Ron & Tammys" · "Born & Raised" · "Pawnee Rangers"
v · d · eCurrent NBC Must See TV/Comedy Night Done Right lineup
Community • The Office • Parks and Recreation • 30 Rock • Whitney
v · d · eNBC's "Must See TV / Comedy Night Done Right"
1980s debuts
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2010s debuts
Love Bites · The Marriage Ref · Outsourced · The Paul Reiser Show · Perfect Couples · Prime Suspect · Up All Night · Whitney
v · d · eNBC Network programming (current & upcoming)
Primetime
30 Rock (since 2006) · America's Got Talent (since 2006) · The Apprentice (since 2004) · The Biggest Loser (since 2004) · Chuck (since 2007) · Community (since 2009) · Dateline NBC (since 1992) · Fashion Star (since 2011) · Fear Factor (since 2001–2006; resuming 2011) · Grimm (since 2011) · Harry's Law (since 2011) · It's Worth What? (since 2011) · Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (since 1999) · Love in the Wild (since 2011) · The Marriage Ref (since 2010) · Minute to Win It (since 2010) · The Office (since 2005) · Parenthood (since 2010) · Parks and Recreation (since 2009) · Prime Suspect (since 2011) · The Sing-Off (since 2009) · Up All Night (since 2011) · The Voice (since 2011) · Whitney (since 2011) · Who Do You Think You Are? (since 2010)
Daytime
Days of our Lives (since 1965) · Today (since 1952)
Late night
Last Call with Carson Daly (since 2002) · Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (since 2009) · Poker After Dark (since 2007) · Saturday Night Live (since 1975) · The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992–2009; since 2010)
News
Dateline NBC (since 1992) · Early Today (since 1999) · Meet the Press (since 1947) · NBC Nightly News (since 1970) · Rock Center with Brian Williams (since 2011) · Today (since 1952)
Sports
Saturday morning
The Magic School Bus (since 2010) · Pearlie (since 2010) · Shelldon (since 2009) · Turbo Dogs (since 2008) · Willa's Wild Life (since 2009)
Upcoming
Are You There, Chelsea? · Awake · Bent · Best Friends Forever · The Firm · Smash
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