November 1960

January – February – March – April – May – June – July – August – September – October – November – December

The following events occurred in November 1960.

November 1, 1960 (Tuesday)

• The University of Kalyani was established, in Kalyani, West Bengal, India.^[1]
• The Benelux Economic Union came into existence in accordance with the terms of a treaty signed by the three participating nations, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.^[2]
• President Eisenhower said that the United States would "take whatever steps are necessary" to defend the Guantanamo Naval Base in Cuba, "because of its importance to the defense of the entire hemisphere".^[3]
• Prime Minister Macmillian of the United Kingdom announced that American nuclear submarines would be based at the Holy Loch, on the Firth of Clyde at Scotland.^[3]
• Born: Fernando Valenzuela, Mexican baseball player, in Navajoa, Sonora state.

November 2, 1960 (Wednesday)

• A jury in London concluded that Penguin Books had not broken Britain's Obscene Publications Act, clearing the way for the sale, in the United Kingdom, of 200,000 paperback copies of the book Lady Chatterley's Lover.^[4]
• The Unsinkable Molly Brown, a musical written by Meredith Willson, premiered on Broadway, opening at the Winter Garden Theater and running for 533 performances.^[5]
• The recording by Elvis Presley of the song Are You Lonesome Tonight?, originally written in 1926, was released.^[6]
• Born: Tihomir Blaškić, Bosnian war criminal, in Kiseljak, Yugoslavia; Anu Malik, Bollywood film score composer, in India; and Saïd Aouita, Moroccan track star (5000 m), in Kenitra
• Died: Dimitri Mitropoulos, 64, Greek pianist, conductor and composer; and Otoya Yamaguchi, 17, Japanese assassin of Inejiro Asanuma, by hanging in his jail cell.

November 3, 1960 (Thursday)

• Explorer 8 was launched to study the Earth's ionosphere.^[7] The satellite, which confirmed the existence of a helium layer in the upper atmosphere, stopped functioning later in the year but was still in orbit almost fifty years later.^[8]
• Died: Félix-Roland Moumié, 35, Cameroonian Marxist leader. Moumié was assassinated by a fatal dose of thallium, received earlier while he was visiting Geneva.^[9]

November 4, 1960 (Friday)

• The Soviet news agency TASS was forced to deny that Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had been overthrown in a coup, after a rumor reported in a Vienna evening newspaper was repeated worldwide. The story began earlier in the day when a man, claiming to be an Austrian employee of the Soviet Embassy, told the Abend Presse that he had learned from an indiscreet Soviet employeed that disgraced former leader Georgi Malenkov had replaced Khrushchev. The German-language paper then ran the banner headline, "Struggle For Power In Moscow: Khrushchev ousted, Malenkov Successor".^[10] Western newspapers repeated the news, usually with the caveat that it was unconfirmed, before TASS debunked it.^[11]
• As John F. Kennedy arrived at the Chicago Stadium for a pre-election rally, Jaime Cruz Alejandro forced his way through the crowd to get as close as he could to Kennedy's open convertible, then fought with police after running from them. He was found to be carrying a loaded .25 caliber pistol. Moments later, Reverend Israel Dabney was caught attempting to carry a .38 revolver into the coliseum. Both men said that they were carrying the weapons for self-defense and were later released.^[12]
• Filming of The Misfits, starring Clark Gable and Marilyn Monroe, was finished. It proved to be the last film for both legendary actors. Gable, who had performed many of his own stunts, had a heart attack the next day and died on November 16. Monroe died in 1962 during the filming of the never completed Something's Got to Give.^[13]
• Anacafé, the Asociación Naacional del Café, was founded in Guatemala City to increase the world market share of coffee grown in Guatemala.^[14]

November 5, 1960 (Saturday)

• The People's Republic of China successfully built and launched its first ballistic missile, basing it upon a Soviet weapon. The R-2, known popularly as the silkworm missile, had a range of 350 miles.^[15]
• Dorrence Darling II, a football player for Illinois State University, broke his leg during a game. Poor medical treatment led to an amputation, and "the Darling case" would become a benchmark in medical malpractice law, legally presuming a hospital to be responsible for the mistake of physicians to whom it extended privileges.^[16]
• Died: Ward Bond, 57, American film actor, of a heart attack; Johnny Horton, 35, American country singer, in a car crash at Milano, Texas; August Gailit, 69, Estonian writer; Mack Sennett, 70, film director

November 6, 1960 (Sunday)

• One person was killed and 18 injured by a bomb that had been placed inside a subway car in New York City. The bomb was the fifth to have exploded in New York on a Sunday since October 2, and the first to have taken a life. The five bombings had injured a total of 58 people to that time, including the fatal injury to Sandra Breland, a 15 year old Brooklyn resident.^[17]
• Born: Ivo Žďárek, Czech diplomat, in Trutnov (killed in the Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 2009)
• Died: Erich Raeder, 84, German naval commander during World War II

November 7, 1960 (Monday)

• On the day before the U.S. presidential election, Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon appeared on the first telethon in the history of presidential campaigning. From 2:00 to 6:00 pm (EDT), on ABC, CBS and NBC, Nixon answered questions called in to a Detroit studio.^[18]
• In the worst plane crash in the history of Ecuador, a Fairchild F-27, operated by Cía. Ecuatoriana Aérea, crashed into the side of the 14,623 foot high Atacazo volcano, killing all 37 persons on board. The plane had been making an approach to Quito following takeoff from Guayaquil.^[19]
• Died: Leon Dabo, 95, American landscape artist; and A.P. Carter, 68, American gospel singer and father of June Carter Cash.

November 8, 1960 (Tuesday)

• United States presidential election, 1960: A record number of American voters turned out to make their choice between Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy and Republican Richard M. Nixon. With 270 electoral votes needed to win, Kennedy received 303. The popular vote was the closest in history. Kennedy (34,220,984) won slightly more than Nixon (34,108,157) by a margin of 1/6 of one percent of the total votes cast.^[20]

November 9, 1960 (Wednesday)

• United States presidential election, 1960: The day after voting, Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon conceded defeat to Democrat John F. Kennedy at 12:47 pm EST, 17 minutes after the news came that Kennedy had won Minnesota's 11 electoral votes. With 270 needed to win, Minnesota took Kennedy to at least 272.^[21]
• Nicaragua was invaded by exiles who crossed over from Costa Rica and captured the border towns of Jinotepe and Diriamba.^[22] The United States Navy was directed to the area on November 17 and the rebels were defeated by December.^[3][22]
• Died: Ernst Wilhelm Bohle, 57, German Nazi leader; Yoshii Isamu, 74, Japanese poet

November 10, 1960 (Thursday)

• The uncensored, Penguin Books edition of Lady Chatterley's Lover went on sale in England and Wales, eight days after a London jury had concluded that it was not obscene, and became an instant bestseller.^[23][24]
• Rumors persist that the Soviet Union covered up the deaths of cosmonauts killed in the early days of its space program. Russian journalist Yaroslav Golovanov, the Fortean Times writes, "has claimed that on 10 November 1960, a cosmonaut called Byelokonyev died on board a spaceship in orbit." No evidence has been found to corroborate Golovanov's statement.^[25]

November 11, 1960 (Friday)

• Lieutenant Colonel Vuong Van Dong and Colonel Nguyen Chanh Thi led a coup attempt against President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam. The rebellion was put down 24 hours later.^[3][26]
• RMS Britannic, the last of the ocean liners of the White Star Line, sailed from Liverpool to New York on its last voyage. Operated by Cunard Line since 1934, the Britannic was sold for scrap three weeks later.^[27]

November 12, 1960 (Saturday)

• Construction of the first Soviet nuclear submarine, the K-19, was completed, three days before the first American nuclear sub (the USS George Washington) would set to sea with nuclear weapons. The K-19, which would receive its nuclear arsenal later, was the first of the eight "Hotel class" nuclear-powered subs.^[28]
• A Type 3 solar flare, described by an American astronomer as "one of the largest, if not the largest, ever recorded" disrupted communications worldwide. An aurora borealis, normally visible only at far north latitudes, could be seen in the early morning hours in much of the Northern Hemisphere, including Washington, D.C..^[29]

^[30]

November 13, 1960 (Sunday)

• A fire at a movie theatre in the Kurdish village of Amuda, Syria, killed 152 children who had been watching an "educational film".^[31] Some sources claim that the fire had been set by Syrian security forces.^[32]
• The Movimiento Revolucionario 13 de Noviembre, also known as MR-13, was born when leftist rebels within the Army of Guatemala, led by Lt. Marco Antonio Yon Sosa, attempted a coup against the government of President Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes. The coup was put down with American assistance, but the MR-13 group continued to fight against the Guatemalan government.^[22] Susanne Jonas,The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S. Power (5th Ed., Westview Press, 1991), p63
• Turkey's President Cemal Gursel announced that the 38 member National Unity Committee, which had governed the nation since May, had dismissed 14 of its members, leaving Gursel and 23 advisors.^[3]
• African-American singer and actor Sammy Davis, Jr. married white Swedish actress May Britt at a time when interracial marriage was uncommon, and, in some states, illegal. The resulting fallout effectively ended Britt's film career.^[33]

November 14, 1960 (Monday)

• Stéblová train disaster: A collision between two trains in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia killed 118 people and injured 110 others. The government news agency did not report the accident until noon the next day.^[34]
• Four 6-year old Negro girls, "first of their race to attend white public schools in New Orleans since the days of the Reconstruction", were enrolled at two elementary schools in the area. Ruby Bridges, protected by U.S. Marshals, was the lone African-American child to enroll at the William Frantz Elementary School, and her first day was depicted by artist Norman Rockwell in a famous painting, The Problem We All Live With.^[35] The other three students enrolled at McDonough Elementary.

November 15, 1960 (Tuesday)

• The submarine USS George Washington, armed with 16 nuclear-tipped Polaris missiles, sailed from the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, following an undisclosed route. President Eisenhower praised history's first mobile nuclear missile base, noting that the Polaris firing submarines "possess a power and relative invulnerability which will make suicidal any attempt by an aggressor to attack the free world by surprise". The U.S. Navy said that the 16 missiles had the same destructive power as "the total of all of the bombs dropped during World War II".^[3][36] The Polaris has been described as "the world's most credible deterrent system".^[37]

November 16, 1960 (Wednesday)

• At the Moscow conference of the world's 81 Communist parties, Albania's Enver Hoxha criticized the parties of Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Poland and other Eastern European nations, in a speech entitled "Reject the Revisionist Theses of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Khrushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism!" ^[38]
• Died: Clark Gable, American film star, 59, of a heart attack, a few days after completing his last film, The Misfits; Gilbert Harding, 53, English broadcaster, after collapsing on the steps of Broadcasting House following the recording of a radio programme

November 17, 1960 (Thursday)

• The Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University (now called Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology was inaugurated at Pantnagar.
• Born: RuPaul Andre Charles, American singer, actor and drag queen, in San Diego; and Jonathan Ross, English television and radio presenter, in London

November 18, 1960 (Friday)

• In a major change of American policy, President Eisenhower ordered the aircraft carrier USS Shangri-La and four other United States Navy warships to patrol the coasts of Nicaragua and Guatemala, declaring that the U.S. would "use military force rather than diplomatic protests" to prevent Communism from spreading from Cuba to other nations in the Western Hemisphere.^[39]
• Born: Kim Wilde, English singer (as Kim Smith), in Chiswick, London, the first child of singers Marty Wilde and Joyce Baker.

November 19, 1960 (Saturday)

• The Hawker Siddeley P.1127, the first V/STOL jet aircraft (vertical short take-off and landing) capability, made its first untethered flight. Test pilot Bill Bedford lifted, hovered, and landed the jet at the Royal Aircraft Establishment ground at Thurleigh.^[40]
• Born: Miss Elizabeth (Elizabeth Ann Hulette), American wrestling manager, in Frankfort, Kentucky (died 2003 of a drug overdose)
• Died: Hans Hollmann, 61, German physicist; and W.W. Hamilton, former President of the Southern Baptist Convention, who was forced to resign after he had married his niece

November 20, 1960 (Sunday)

• Japanese general election, 1960: Japan's Liberal Democratic Party, led by Hayato Ikeda, increased its majority in the 467 member House of Representatives, gaining thirteen seats for a total of 296, and the Japan Socialist Party gained 23 for a total of 145. Losing ground were the leftist Democratic Socialists, falling from 40 to 23. Ikeda told a news conference that the results showed that the Japanese people approved the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty that had been violently protested in the spring.^[41]

November 21, 1960 (Monday)

• United Nations troops clashed with the Congolese Army for the first time, since the Congo crisis had begun. Soldiers were ordered by Colonel Joseph Mobutu to seize a diplomat at Ghana's embassy in Leopoldville. A force of 150 U.N. troops from Tunisia, supplementing Ghanaian embassy guards, fought for three hours in defending the embassy before the government troops withdrew.^[42]
• Died: Phao Sriyanond, 50, head of Thai police

November 22, 1960 (Tuesday)

• Faced with a choice of two rival delegations claiming to represent the former Belgian Congo, one led by President Joseph Kasavubu, the other by Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, the United Nations General Assembly voted 53–24 in favor of seating Kasavubu's group. Nineteen nations abstained. The vote effectively ended Lumumba's power in the Congo, and he would be arrested and killed two months later.^[43]
• The USS Ethan Allen, at 410 feet in length the largest Polaris submarine in the U.S. Navy fleet, was launched from the yards at Groton, Connecticut. Not yet equipped with missiles, the submarine would be able to fire nuclear weapons a distance of 1,500 miles.^[3] On May 6, 1962, the Ethan Allen would make the only submarine launch of a live nuclear warhead, conducting an atmospheric hydrogen bomb test at a site 1,000 miles away.^[37]

November 23, 1960 (Wednesday)

• Tiros II was launched as the second weather satellite, and had a five-channel infrared radiometer equipment to make night observations, estimate thickness of precipitation,, and an attitude control system that permitted it to remain almost stationary over North America.^[44]
• Born: Sam Ermolenko, American speedway rider, in Maywood, California

November 24, 1960 (Thursday)

• Wilt Chamberlain, of the Philadelphia Warriors, set the NBA record for number of rebounds (55) in a game, which has remained unbroken for nearly fifty years,^[45] but his team lost 132–129 to the visiting Boston Celtics, who were led by Bill Russell. Chamberlain's 55 rebounds broke Russell's record of 51, set on February 8, 1959 by Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics.^[46] Chamberlain (23,924) and Russell (21,620) remain first and second on the all time rebound list.^[47]

November 25, 1960 (Friday)

• In the Dominican Republic, three of the Mirabal sisters— Patria, Minerva, and Maria Teresa, outspoken opponents of dictator Rafael Trujillo, were killed along with their driver, Rufino de la Cruz, in what the government described as an "automobile accident". When it was discovered that the four had been shot to death before their car was dumped into a ravine, on orders from Trujillo himself, public opinion turned against the dictator. Trujillo was assassinated six months later. The Mirabal sisters, popularly known as "Las Mariposas", were later the subject of the Julia Alvarez novel and the film adaptation, In the Time of the Butterflies. November the 25th is observed annually as "White Ribbon Day" in recognition of the sisters and other victims of violence against women.^[48]
• The last four daytime radio dramas—Young Dr. Malone, Right to Happiness, The Second Mrs. Burton and Ma Perkins, all broadcast on the CBS Radio Network—were brought to an end. With more Americans turning from radio listeners to television viewers, the popularity of radio network programs had steadily declined since 1946.^[49]
• Born: John F. Kennedy, Jr., at Georgetown University Hospital, 16 days after his father was elected to the presidency of the United States (died 1999); and Amy Grant, American gospel music singer, in Augusta, GA

November 26, 1960 (Saturday)

• New Zealand general election, 1960: The National Party, led by Keith Holyoake, gained control of Parliament, gaining 7 seats from Prime Minister Walter Nash's Labour Party, and taking a 46–34 majority. Holyoake would take office as Prime Minister on December 12, and serve until 1972.
• In what one author has described as "a cornerstone event in the history of the psychedelic counterculture in the United States", Harvard University professor Timothy Leary invited beat generation poets Allen Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky to his home, where the three partook of the hallucinogenic drug psilocybin.^[50]

November 27, 1960 (Sunday)

• The ABC television network first broadcast Issues and Answers, a Sunday morning interview show to compete with NBC's Meet the Press and CBS's Face the Nation.^[51]
• Died: Donald Richberg, 79, American author and civil servant, aide to President F D Roosevelt

November 28, 1960 (Monday)

• The African state of Mauritania became independent shortly after midnight, with Moktar Ould Daddah receiving the transfer of sovereignty from France's Prime Minister, Michel Debre. Daddah declared that "Mauritania ... will never forget what she owes the French people." ^[52]
• Born: John Galliano, Gibraltarian fashion designer, in Gibraltar

November 29, 1960 (Tuesday)

• Seventeen high school students were killed when their bus was struck by a freight train at a railroad crossing in Lamont, Alberta.^[3]
• The University of Minnesota won the mythical championship for the 1960 college football season, finishing first in the final Associated Press poll and the UPI poll. With 433⅓ points based on voting by 48 sportwriters, the Minnesota Gophers edged out Mississippi (411) and Iowa (407½).^[53]
• CIA Director Allen Dulles briefed President-elect John F. Kennedy on the agency's plans to overthrow the Castro government. Kennedy told Dulles to continue with the project, which ultimately failed as the Bay of Pigs Invasion.^[54]
• The V-1000, the Soviet Union's first anti-ballistic missile, scored its first success, intercepting and destroying an incoming R-5 Pobeda missile in a test at Sary Shagan.^[55]
• Born: Greg Louganis, American diver and Olympic medalist

November 30, 1960 (Wednesday)

• Ten days after the Chrysler Corporation announced that it was ceasing production of its DeSoto line of automobiles, the very last DeSoto was built. Chrysler had built an additional 300 after the announcement to fill orders.^[56]
• Born: Gary Lineker, English footballer and sports broadcaster, in Leicester.
• Died: Henri Bouchard, 84, French sculptor

References

1. ^ University of Kalyani website
2. ^ Benelux website; John V. Terry, Dictionary for Business & Finance (3d. Ed., University of Arkansas Press, 1995) p28
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Chronology November 1960", The World Almanac and book of facts, 1961 (New York World-Telegram, 1960), pp185–192
4. ^ "British Firm Wins Right to Publish 'Lady Chatterley'", Chicago Tribune, November 3, 1960, p15
5. ^ Jeff Kurtti, The Great Movie Musical Trivia Book (Hal Leonard Corporation, 1996) p136
6. ^ ElvisSingles.com
7. ^ "U.S. Satellite Eyes Space Radio Waves", Oakland Tribune, November 3, 1960, p1
8. ^ ["Global warming prolongs life of space debris"], Reuters, December 11, 2006
9. ^ "Swiss Hunting French Suspect in Slaying of Cameroon Leftist", New York Times, December 31, 1960, p2
10. ^ "SOVIET COUP STORY RIDDLE", Sydney Morning Herald, November 6, 1960 p1
11. ^ from Miami News editions of November 4, 1960: "Rumors Fly That Nik's Been Ousted" (2nd Ed.); "RUMORS FLY NIKITA'S OUT: World Buzzes, But Reds Deny It" (3rd.); "Nik Out? Just Rumor" (Final)
12. ^ David Pietrusza, 1960--LBJ Vs. JFK Vs. Nixon: The Epic Campaign That Forged Three Presidencies (Sterling Publishing, 2008), p382; "Guards Grab Pair, Pistols", Milwaukee Journal, November 5, 1960, p2
13. ^ Martin Gottfried, Arthur Miller: His Life and Work (Da Capo Press, 2004) p339
14. ^ Regina Wagner, The History of Coffee in Guatemala (Villegas Asociados, 2001) p203
15. ^ "Roundup: National defense technology development since the founding of New China", PLA Daily, September 29, 2009; "Soviet Missiles"; Iris Chang, Thread of the Silkworm (Basic Books, 1996) p219
16. ^ R. C. S. Trahair, From Aristotelian to Reaganomics: A Dictionary of Eponyms with Biographies in the Social Sciences (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994) p155; Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 211 N.E.2d 253 (1965)
17. ^ "Woman Is Killed By Subway Bomb", New York Times, November 7, 1960, p1; "Broken date brings death on 'A' Train", Baltimore Afro-American, November 12, 1960, p1
18. ^ "Nixon Goes Before Nation in Telethon", Oakland Tribune, November 7, 1960, p1
19. ^ "Airliner Falls Into Volcano", The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY), November 8, 1960, p1
20. ^ USAElectionAtlas.org, David Leip
21. ^ "Nixon Concedes Kennedy Victory", Oakland Tribune, November 9, 1960, p1
22. ^ ^{a b c} Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A study of crisis (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p508.
23. ^ "Uncensored Book Sells Out – Fast", San Antonio Express, November 11, 1960, p9; BBC On This Day
24. ^ Warren Roberts and Paul Poplawski, A Bibliography of D.H. Lawrence (3d. Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2001) p145
25. ^ "Lost in Space" by Kris Hollington, Fortean Times, July 2008
26. ^ "50 Slain in Coup By Viet Nam Army", Oakland Tribune, November 11, 1960, p1
27. ^ TheGreatOceanLiners.com
28. ^ "Weapons of Mass Destruction", American Federation of Scientists
29. ^ "Space Weather" "Aurora Borealis Lights Up D.C. Area; Resultant Calls Light Switchboards", Washington Post, November 14, 1960, pA3
30. ^ PubMed.gov
31. ^ "152 Children Die in Roaring Fire", San Antonio Express, November 15, 1960, p1
32. ^ "On Peaceful Expression of Kurdish Linguistic Identity by Children in Syria", by Dr. Zurab Aloian
33. ^ Gary Fishgall, Gonna Do Great Things: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr (Simon & Schuster, 2003) p178
34. ^ "110 Dead in Crash of 2 Czech Trains", New York Times, November 16, 1960, p9
35. ^ "New Orleans Grade Schools Integrated", Oakland Tribune, November 14, 1960, p1
36. ^ "Weapons of Mass Destruction", Security.org
37. ^ ^{a b} John Piña Craven, The Silent War: The Cold War Battle Beneath the Sea (Simon & Schuster, 2002), p74
38. ^ The Party of Labor of Albania in Battle with Modern Revisionism
39. ^ "Ike Launches Show of Force Policy in Caribbean to Warn Castro Not to Export Revolt", Toledo (OH) Blade, November 18, 1960, p1
40. ^ Francis K. Mason, Hawker aircraft since 1920 (Naval Institute Press, 1991) p84
41. ^ "Japan Voter No Neutral, Victor Says", Spokesman-Review (Spokane WA), November 22, 1960, p3
42. ^ "Congolese Clash With U.N. Troops", Daytona Beach (FL) Morning Journal, November 22, 1960, p1
43. ^ Frederick H. Gareau, The United Nations and other international institutions: a critical analysis (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) p178
44. ^ Mark Monmonier, Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather (University of Chicago Press, 2000) pp123–124
45. ^ http://www.nba.com/history/records/regular_rebounds.html
46. ^ "Wilt Goes On Rebound Rampage", Miami News, November 25, 1960, p5C
47. ^ Association for Professional Basketball Research
48. ^ Serafín Méndez Méndez, et al., Notable Caribbeans and Caribbean Americans: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003) pp312–313; "Celebrate 25 November: White Ribbon Day", Amnesty International website
49. ^ Michael C. Keith, Talking Radio: An Oral History of American Radio in the Television Age (M.E. Sharpe, 2000) p46
50. ^ Martin Torgoff, Can't Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945–2000 (Simon & Schuster, 2004) p74; Allen Ginsberg and Edmund White, Spontaneous Mind: Selected Interviews 1958–1996 (Harper Collins, 2002) p9
51. ^ Edward Bliss, Now the News: The Story of Broadcast Journalism p375
52. ^ "French Mauritania Gains Independence", Pacific Stars and Stripes, November 29, 1960, p1;The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
53. ^ "Minnesota Scales Grid World Peak", Wisconsin State Journal (Madison WI), November 30, 1960, p3-1
54. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger and David Sobel, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Houghton Mifflin, 1965) p88
55. ^ Astronautix.com, Mark Wade
56. ^ "Last DeSoto Car Built Wednesday", Anderson (IN) Daily Bulletin, December 1, 1960, p12