North American A-36 Apache

A-36 Apache/Invader
North American A-36A
Role	Ground-attack/dive bomber
Manufacturer	North American Aviation
Designer	Edgar Schmued
First flight	October 1942
Introduction	1942
Retired	1945
Primary users	United States Army Air Forces Civilian air racer
Number built	500
Unit cost	$49,000[1]
Developed from	P-51 Mustang

The North American A-36 Apache (listed in some sources as "Invader", but also called Mustang) was the ground-attack/dive bomber version of the North American Aviation P-51 Mustang, from which it could be distinguished by the presence of rectangular, slatted dive brakes above and below the wings. A total of 500 A-36 dive bombers served in North Africa, the Mediterranean, Italy and the China-Burma-India theater during World War II before being withdrawn from operational use in 1944.

Design and development

With the introduction of the North American Mustang I with the RAF Army Co-operation Squadrons in February 1942, the new fighter began combat missions as a low-altitude reconnaissance and ground-support aircraft. Supplementing the Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks already in service, Mustang Is were first supplied to No. 26 Squadron RAF, then rapidly deployed to ten additional squadrons by June 1942. First used in combat over the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942, a Mustang of No. 414 (RCAF) Squadron downed one of the formidable Focke-Wulf Fw 190, the first victory for a Mustang.^[2] Despite the limited high-altitude performance of the Allison V-1710 engine, the RAF was enthusiastic about its new mount which "performed magnificently."^[3]

During the Mustang I's successful combat initiation, North American's president Howard "Dutch" Kindelberger pressed the newly redesignated U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) for a fighter contract for the essentially similar P-51, 47 of which had passed into the USAAF when the Lend-Lease contract with Britain ran out of funds. The P-51 used four 20 mm Hispano wing cannon in place of the original four .30 in (7.62 mm) M1919 Browning machine guns and two .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns mounted in the wings and two .50 in (12.7 mm) "chin" machine guns. No funds were available for new fighter contracts in fiscal year 1942, but General Oliver P. Echols and Fighter Project Officer Benjamin S. Kelsey^[4] wanted to ensure the P-51 remained in production.^[5]

Since appropriations were available for an attack aircraft, Echols specified modifications to the P-51 to turn it into a dive bomber. The contract for 500 A-36A aircraft fitted with bomb racks and dive brakes was signed by Kelsey on 16 April 1942^[6] even before the first flight of the first production P-51 in May 1942.^[7] With orders on the books, North American Aviation (NAA) began modifying the P-51 to accept the bomb shackles which had already been tested in a "long-range ferry" program RAF had stipulated.^[8] Engineering studies totaling 40,000 hours and wind tunnel testing with a ⅛-scale model was completed in June 1942. Utilizing the basic P-51 airframe and Allison engine, structural reinforcing "beefed up" several high stress areas and "a set of hydraulically operated dive brakes were installed in each main wing plane."^[9] Due to the slightly inboard placement of the bomb racks and unique installation of four cast aluminum dive brakes, a complete redesign of the P-51 wing was required.^[6]

A-36A at NAA Inglewood

The first A-36A (42-83663) was rolled out of the NAA Inglewood plant in September 1942, rapidly going through flight testing with the first flight in October, with deliveries commencing soon after of the first production machines emerged. The A-36A continued the use of nose-mounted .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns along with wing armament of four .50 in (12.7 mm) caliber machine guns. The USAAF envisaged that the dive bomber would operate mainly at altitudes below 12,000 ft (3,658 m) and specified the use of a sea level-rated Allison V-1710-87, driving a 10 ft 9 in (3.28 m)-diameter three bladed Curtiss-Electric propeller and delivering 1,325 hp (988 kW) at 3,000 ft (914 m).^[10] The main air scoop inlet was redesigned to become a fixed unit with a larger opening, replacing the earlier scoop which could be lowered into the airstream. In addition the A-36 carburetor air intake was later fitted with a tropical air filter to stop sand and grit being ingested into the engine.^[6][11]

The USAAF later ordered 310 P-51As which were essentially A-36s without the dive-brakes and nose mounted weapons, leaving an armament of four wing-mounted 0.50 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns.^[12] An Allison V-1710-81 1,200 hp (895 kW) was fitted and used the same radiator and air intake as the A-36A. The P-51A was still fitted with bomb racks although it was not intended to be used primarily as a fighter-bomber and the racks were mainly used to carry drop-tanks.^[13][12]

Operational history

A-36A training unit

The A-36A-1-NA "Apache" (although Apache was the A-36A's official name, it was rarely used)^[14] joined the 27th Fighter Bomber Group composed of four squadrons based at Rasel Ma in French Morocco in April 1943 during the campaign in North Africa.^[14] The 27th had a mixed component of Douglas A-20 Havocs and A-36As while the second operational unit, the 86th Fighter Bomber Group (Dive) arrived in March 1943 with the first pilots trained and qualified on the A-36A.^[15][16] On 6 June 1943, both of these A-36A units flew combat missions directed against the island of Pantelleria. The island fell to Allied attack and became the home base for the two A-36A groups during the invasion of Sicily. The A-36A proved to be a potent weapon; it could be put into a vertical dive at 12,000 ft (3,658 m), deploying its dive brakes, limiting the dive speed to 390 mph (628 km/h). Pilots soon recognized that extending the dive brakes after "peel-off" led to some unequal extension of the brakes due to varying hydraulic pressure, setting up an invariable slight roll which impeded aiming. Proper technique soon cured this anomaly and, subsequently, pilots achieved extremely consistent results.^[6] Depending on the target and defences, the bomb release took place between 2,000 ft and 4,000 ft (610 and 1,219 m), followed by an immediate sharp "pull up."^[9]

Dive brakes in the wings gave the A-36A greater stability in a dive; however, a myth has arisen that they were useless due to malfunctions or because of the danger of deploying them and that they should be wired closed.^[17] Capt. Charles E. Dills, 27th Fighter-Bomber Group, 522d Fighter Squadron, XIIth Air Force emphatically stated in a postwar interview: "I flew the A-36 for 39 of my 94 missions, from 11/43 to 3/44. They were never wired shut in Italy in combat. This 'wired shut' story apparently came from the training group at Harding Field, Baton Rouge, LA."

A-36 of the 86th Bombardment Group (Dive), "284067" coded A, lost to flak 14 January 1944.^[18]

However, tactical reconnaissance training with P-51 and A-36 aircraft had delivered some disquieting accident rates. At one time, A-36 training had resulted in the type having "the highest accident rate per hour's flying time"^[19] of any USAAF aircraft. The most serious incident involved an A-36A shedding both wings when its pilot tried to pull out from a 450 mph (724 km/h) dive.^[15] Combat units flying the A-36A were ordered to restrict their approach to a 70° "glide" attack and refrain from using dive brakes.^[20] This order was generally ignored by experienced pilots but some units did wire dive brakes shut until modifications were made to the hydraulic actuators.^[20] Nevertheless, the A-36 was used with great success as a dive-bomber, acquiring a reputation for precision, sturdiness and silence.^[21]

By late May 1943, 300 A-36As had been deployed to the Mediterranean Theater, with many of the first batch sent to the 27th to re-build the group following losses as well as completing the final transition to an all-A-36A unit.^[15]Both groups were actively involved in air support during the Sicilian campaign, becoming especially adept at "mopping" up enemy gun positions and other strong points as the Allies advanced. During this operation, the 27th Group circulated a petition to adopt the name "Invader" for their rugged little bomber, receiving unofficial recognition of the more fitting name.^[15] Despite the name change, most combat reports preferred the name "Mustang" for all of the variants.^[22] The Germans gave it a flattering if fearsome accolade, calling the A-36As, "screaming helldivers."^[21]

Besides dive bombing, the A-36A racked up aerial victories, totalling 84 enemy aircraft downed and creating an "ace", Lieutenant Michael T. Russo from the 27th Fighter Bomber Group (ultimately, the only ace using the Allison-engined Mustang).^[14] As fighting intensified in all theaters where the A-36A operated, the dive bomber began to suffer an alarming loss rate with 177 falling to enemy action.^[14] The main reason for the attrition was the hazardous missions that placed the A-36A "on the deck" facing murderous ground fire. German defences in southern Italy included placing cables across hill tops to snare the attacking A-36As.^[23] Despite establishing a "reputation for reliability and performance, "the one "Achilles' heel" of the A-36A (and the entire Mustang series) remained its vulnerable cooling system leading to many of the losses.^[24] By June 1944, A-36As in Europe were replaced by Curtiss P-40s and Republic P-47 Thunderbolts.^[6]

Lt Col Charles "Mac" McMillin sitting in an A-36A in India, 1945. He had finished his 100 missions and was an instructor in a replacement training unit (RTU) while awaiting orders home.

A-36As had also served with the 311th Fighter Bomber Group in the China-Burma-India theater. The 311th had arrived in Dinjan, India by late summer 1943 after being shipped across the Pacific via Australia.^[25] Two squadrons were equipped with the A-36A while the third flew P-51As. Tasked with reconnaissance, dive bombing, attack and fighter missions, the A-36A was outclassed by its main opposition, the Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar." The light and highly agile Japanese fighter could outmaneuver the A-36A at all altitudes but did have some weak points: it was lightly armed and offered little protection for pilot or fuel tanks. However, the A-36A fought at a significant disadvantage, having to carry out long-range missions often at altitudes above the "Hump" that meant its Allison engine was below peak performance. In a fighter escort mission over Burma, three A-36As were lost without scoring a single victory. The A-36A CBI missions continued throughout 1943–1944 with indifferent results. The A-36A remained in service in small numbers throughout the remaining year of the war, some being retained in the US as training aircraft.

"The type's relatively brief service life should not camouflage the fact that it made a major contribution to the Allied war effort"^[14] especially in the Mediterranean and it amounted to the first USAAF combat use of a Mustang variant. The effectiveness of the A-36 as a ground attack aircraft was demonstrated on 5 June 1944. In a well planned attack on the large, well defended rail depot and ammo dump at Orte, Italy, Lieutenant Ross C. Watson lead a flight of four A-36s through a heavy overcast on the approach to the target. Watson's A-36s scored several hits under intense anti aircraft fire while Lt. Watson's aircraft was hit and damaged by ground fire. Under continuing heavy ground fire. Lt. Watson pressed home his attack and destroyed the ammo dump before making an emergency landing at an advanced Allied airfield.^[23]

Operators

A-36A "Margie H" at the National Museum of the United States Air Force

•  United States
  • US Army Air Force

27th Fighter-Bomber Group

86th Fighter-Bomber Group

311th Fighter Bomber Group

•  United Kingdom
  • RAF

One A-36A was supplied to the RAF in March 1943 for experimental purposes. Its RAF serial number was EW998.

Survivors

Relatively few A-36As survived the war and the subsequent postwar retirement and scrapping of obsolete types. One A-36A, bearing race number #44, owned and flown by Kendall Everson, was entered in the 1947 Kendall Trophy Race. The old warhorse was able to reach 377.926 mph, finishing second to the winning P-51D flown by Steve Beville.^[26]

• A-36A Apache, s/n 42-83665, is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. It was obtained from Charles P. Doyle of Rosemount, Minnesota in 1971. This aircraft was restored by the 148th Fighter-Interceptor Group of the Minnesota Air National Guard under the command of Colonel Wayne C. Gatlin. It is displayed as "Margie H", the A-36A flown by Captain Lawrence Dye of the 16th Fighter-Bomber Squadron in Tunisia, Sicily and Italy.^[27]

• A-36A Apache, s/n 42-83731, is airworthy and owned by Chino Warbirds Inc. in Houston, Texas^[28]

• A-36A Apache, s/n 42-83738, is under restoration to airworthiness by the Collings Foundation in Stow, Massachusetts^[29]

Specifications (A-36A)

Data from National Museum of the United States Air Force^[1]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 32 ft 3 in (9.83 m)
• Wingspan: 37 ft 0.25 in (11.28 m)
• Height: 12 ft 2 in (3.71 m)
• Loaded weight: 10,000 lb (4535 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Allison V-1710-87 liquid-cooled piston V12 engine, 1,325 hp (988 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 365 mph (315 kn, 590 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 250 mph (215 kn, 400 km/h)
• Range: 550 mi (478 nmi, 885 km)
• Service ceiling: 25,100ft (7650 m)

Armament

• 6 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns
• Up to 1,000 lb (454 kg) of bombs on two underwing hardpoints

See also

Related development

• P-51 Mustang
  

Related lists

• List of military aircraft of the United States
  

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} "North American A-36A Apache." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 13 June 2010.
2. ^ Hess 1970, p. 5.
3. ^ Hess 1970, p. 12.
4. ^ "P-51 History: Mustang I." The Gathering of Mustangs & Legends, 26 March 2009. Retrieved: 13 June 2010.
5. ^ Mizrahi 1995, pp. 49–50.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e} Gruenhagen 1969, p. 61.
7. ^ Mizrahi 1995, p. 49.
8. ^ Grunehagen 1969, p. 60.
9. ^ ^{a b} Grinsell 1984, p. 60.
10. ^ Kinzey 1996, p. 22.
11. ^ Gruenhagan 1969, pp. 42, 62, 66, 178.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kinzey 1996, p. 41.
13. ^ Taylor 1969, p. 537.
14. ^ ^{a b c d e} Gunston and Dorr 1995, p. 68.
15. ^ ^{a b c d} Freeman 1974, p. 45.
16. ^ "WW II History of 86 FG." 86fighterbombergroup.com. Retrieved: 24 June 2008.
17. ^ Hess 1970, p. 13.
18. ^ "86th Fighter-Bomber Group." Retrieved: 24 June 2008.
19. ^ Freeman 1974, pp. 44–45.
20. ^ ^{a b} Grinsell 1984, p. 69.
21. ^ ^{a b} Hess 1970, p. 14.
22. ^ Gruenhagen 1969, p. 62.
23. ^ ^{a b} Gruenhagen 1969, p. 63.
24. ^ Hess 1970, p. 18.
25. ^ Spick 1997, p. 225.
26. ^ Kinnert 1969, p. 100.
27. ^ " A-36A Apache/42-83665" Warbird Registry Retrieved: 21 April 2011.
28. ^ " A-36A Apache/42-83731" FAA Registry Retrieved: 23 May 2011.
29. ^ " A-36A Apache/42-83738" FAA Registry Retrieved: 23 May 2011.

Bibliography

• Delve, Ken. The Mustang Story. London: Cassell & Co., 1999. ISBN 1-85409-259-6.
• Freeman, Roger A. Mustang at War. New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1974. ISBN 0-385-06644-9. 
• Grinsell, Robert. "P-51 Mustang". Great Book of World War II Airplanes. New York: Wing & Anchor Press, 1984. ISBN 0-517-45993-0.
• Gunston, Bill and Robert F. Dorr. "North American P-51 Mustang: The Fighter that Won the War." Wings of Fame Vol. 1. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd., 1995. ISBN 1-874023-68-9.
• Gruenhagen, Robert W. Mustang: The Story of the P-51 Mustang. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc., 1969. ISBN 0-668-03912-4.
• Hess, William N. Fighting Mustang: The Chronicle of the P-51. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1970. ISBN 0-912173-04-1.
• Kinnert, Reed. Racing Planes and Air Races: A Complete History, Volume IV: 1946-1967. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1969 (revised ed.) ISBN 0-8168-7853-6.
• Kinzey, Bert. P-51 Mustang in Detail & Scale: Part 1; Prototype through P-51C. Carrollton, Texas: Detail & Scale Inc., 1996. ISBN 1-888974-02-8
• Mizrahi, Joe. "Pursuit Plane 51." Airpower Vol. 25, no. 5. September 1995, pp. 5–53.
• Smith, Peter C. Straight Down! The North American A-36 Dive Bomber in Action. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2000. ISBN 0-947554-73-4
• Spick, Mike. "The North American P-51 Mustang." Great Aircraft of WWII. Leicester, UK: Abbeydale Press, 1997. ISBN 1-86147-001-0.
• Taylor, John W.R. "North American P-51 Mustang." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
• United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Dayton, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, Wright-Patterson AFB, 1975.

External links

• Mustang!
• WW II History of the 86th Fighter Group