- North American AJ Savage
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AJ (A-2) Savage 
Role Bomber National origin United States Manufacturer North American Aviation First flight 3 July 1948 Introduction 13 September 1949 Status Phased out of service Primary user United States Navy Number built 143 Developed into A2J Super Savage The North American AJ Savage (later A-2 Savage) was a carrier-based bomber aircraft built for the United States Navy by North American Aviation. The original contract was awarded in June 1946, first flight 3 July 1948, and the plane entered service in 1949.[1]
Contents
Design and development
At the end of World War II, the US Navy felt the need to acquire a nuclear strike capability to maintain its political influence. In the short term, carrier-based aircraft were the ideal solution. Nuclear munitions at that time were bulky and required a large aircraft to carry them. The Navy improvised a carrier-based nuclear strike plane by modifying the Lockheed P2V Neptune twin-prop ocean patrol aircraft for carrier takeoff using jet assisted takeoff (JATO) rocket boosters, with initial takeoff tests in 1948. But the Neptune couldn't land on a carrier, so the crew either had to make their way to a friendly land base after a strike, or ditch in the sea near a US Navy vessel.
The AJ Savage was a large composite-powered carrier-borne Attack Bomber designed to deliver nuclear ordnance. It also performed photo reconnaissance duties and later on was used as an aerial refueling platform. The North American AJ-1/2 and AJ-1/2P Savage aircraft were in a number of USN Heavy Attack Composite squadrons from 1948–1956, as well as in several Photographic Reconnaissance squadrons. The Heavy Attack versions were the first nuclear bomb carrying bombers able to be launched from and recovered on aircraft carriers.
The date of its design inception was a time where the US Navy was faced with procuring the nascent jet engine, while still having to rely upon the simple yet well proven reciprocating engine. Jets at this time were unreliable and used large quantities of fuel; however, once they were developed, they produced performance that no piston engine could ever provide. A compromise was made to include in the Savage two Pratt & Whitney R-2800 piston engines, with a large turbocharger fitted inside each engine nacelle. This combination made it possible for the R-2800 engines to produce rated power (2,500 hp/1,864 kW) up to 42,000 ft (12,802 m) altitude. An Allison J33 turbojet was fitted in the rear fuselage. Interestingly, both engine types used the same fuel. The piston-turbojet arrangement was intended to give added power on take-off and extra dash speed while in combat. At high altitude, this "boxy" looking (but aerodynamically very clean) airplane was remarkably fast, reaching more than 460 mph (740 km/h), when the jets of that era were not very much faster.
The first production Savage flew in May 1949, with the first carrier landing of the type taking place on the USS Coral Sea on 31 August 1950.
Early model Savages (AJ-1) were converted to the air tanker role, with the bomb bay filled with all the necessary equipment, including hoses, fuel pumps, electric power drive, and the drogue. Additional fuel was provided in drop tanks. AJ-1 tankers were used to refuel John Glenn's F8U Crusader during the Project Bullet transcontinental speed record flight.[2]
The AJ-2 first flew on 19 February 1953 and had uprated engines and a taller vertical stabilizer and non-dihedral tailplane.
The AJ-2P was the photographic reconnaissance version of the Savage. It carried photo-flash bombs for night missions, with most of the plane's 18 cameras being operated automatically. It was capable of night and low-level reconnaissance. The -2P also had additional fuel capacity.
The Savage didn't remain in frontline service long because it was seen as an interim solution from the day it performed its first flight, the Navy having already put the wheels in motion for a much better successor.
Variants
- XAJ-1
- Prototype with two 2,300 hp (1,715 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-44 radial engines and one Allison J33-A-19 turbojet, three built.
- AJ-1 (A-2A)
- Initial production version with two 2,400 hp (1,790 kW) R-2800-44W radial engines and one J33-A-10 turbojet, 55 built, survivors re-designated A-2A in 1962.
- AJ-2 (A-2B)
- Updated production version with two 2,500 hp (1,864 kW) R-2800-48 radial engines and one J33-A-10, taller fin slightly longer fuselage and increased fuel capacity, 55 built, survivors re-designated A-2B in 1962.
- AJ-2P
- Photo-reconnaissance version of the AJ-2 with array of cameras, 30 built.
Operators
An AJ-2P reconnaissance plane of VAP-61.
Survivors
A-2B Savage, BuNo 130418, is displayed at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola in Pensacola, Florida.[3] Of 143 examples built, it is the only surviving airframe.
Specifications (AJ-1)
- Source: USN[1]
General characteristics
- Crew: 3
- Length: 63 ft 1 in (19.2 m)
- Wingspan: 71 ft 5 in (21.8 m)
- Height: 20 ft 5 in (6.2 m)
- Wing area: 836 ft² (78 m²)
- Empty weight: 27,558 lb (12,500 kg)
- Loaded weight: 47,000 lb (21,363 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 50,954 lb (23,161 kg)
- Powerplant:
- 1 × Allison J33-A-1 turbojet, 4,600 lbf[4] (20 kN)
- 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-2800-44W radial engines, 2,400 hp[4] (1,790 kW) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 471 mph[4] (409 kn, 758 km/h)
- Range: 1,731 mi[5] (1,505 nmi, 2,787 km)
- Service ceiling: 40,800 ft[5] (12,440 m)
- Rate of climb: 2,900 ft/min (14.7 m/s[5])
- Wing loading: 63.2 lb/ft² (309 kg/m²)
- Power/mass (prop): 0.091 hp/lb (150 W/kg)
- Thrust/weight (jet): 0.087
Armament
- Bombs: 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) conventional bombs, or 1× nuclear bomb
See also
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Ryan FR Fireball
- Related lists
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d e Grossnick 1995, Appendix 1 p.458
- ^ Air & Space:John Glenn's Project Bullet
- ^ s/n 130418
- ^ a b c "Standard Aircraft Characteristics: AJ-1 "Savage". United States Navy, 30 June 1957.
- Bibliography
- Grossnick, Roy A. Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons:Volume 1 The History of VA, VAH, VAK, VAL, VAP and VFA Squadrons. Washington, DC:Naval Historical Center, 1995. ISBN 0-945274-29-7.
- Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London:Putnam, Second edition, 1976. ISBN 0 370 10054 9.
- Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.
External links
United States tri-service attack aircraft designations post–1962 Main sequence Non-sequential designations V/STOL sequence See also: EA-18GUSN/USMC attack aircraft designations 1946-1962 Douglas Grumman McDonnell Douglas North American Martin Vought Lists relating to aviation General Aircraft (manufacturers) · Aircraft engines (manufacturers) · Airlines (defunct) · Airports · Civil authorities · Museums · Registration prefixes · Rotorcraft (manufacturers) · TimelineMilitary Accidents/incidents Records Categories:- Carrier-based aircraft
- Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
- United States attack aircraft 1940–1949
- North American Aviation aircraft
- Twin-engined aircraft
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