- China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program
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The China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program (CBERS) is a technological cooperation program between Brazil and China which develops and operates Earth observation satellites.
Contents
History
The basis for the space cooperation between China and Brazil was established in May 1984, when both countries signed a complementary agreement to the cooperation framework agreement in science and technology. In July 1988, China and Brazil signed the protocol establishing the joint research and production of the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellites (CBERS).Brazil, emerging from a long military regime, sought to abandon the Cold War logic and establish new international partnerships. China was dedicated to its great internal reform, but was also seeking international partnerships to develop advanced technologies. The agreement was advantageous for both countries. Brazil had the chance to develop medium-size satellites at a time when it was only capable of building small ones (100 kg size). China had a international partner that posed no military threats and that was receptive of foreigners.
Brazil and China negotiated the CBERS project during two years (1986-1988), exchanging important technical information and visiting each other’s facilities, and they concluded that both sides had all the human, technical and material conditions to jointly develop an Earth resource observation satellite program. The Complementary Protocol on Cooperation on Space Technology was renewed in 1994 and again in 2004. a new sat
Responsible agencies
In Brazil, the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE or National Institute of Space Research) and the Brazilian Space Agency (Portuguese: Agência Espacial Brasileira; AEB) are involved with the program, as is the Brazilian industrial sector. In China, organizations involved include the Chinese Academy for Space Technology (a sub-entity of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation), the China National Space Administration and various other organizations.
Satellites
Initially the program included development and deployment of two satellites. Subsequently agreement was reached to include three additional satellites.
The first satellite of the series, CBERS-1, was successfully launched on October 14, 1999 [1][1] on a Long March 4B. It is sometimes also called ZY 1.[2] It remained functional until August 2003.[3]. The second satellite, CBERS-2, was successfully launched on October 21, 2003 [4][5], and the third one, CBERS-2B, was also successfully launched on September 19, 2007 [6][7] Sample images from CBERS-2B were made available January 10th, 2007.[8] . All of them were launched by Chinese Long March 4B rockets from Taiyuan launch facilities in the People's Republic of China. They have a sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth at 778 km of altitude.
CBERS-1 and 2 are identical satellites. They have three remote sensing multispectral cameras:[9]
Wide Field Imager Camera (WFI). This camera records images in two spectral bands: 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red) and 0,77 – 0,89 µm (infrared), with 260m spatial resolution and 890 km of ground swath. About five days are necessary for a whole coverage of the Earth surface.
Medium Resolution Camera (CCD). This camera records images in five spectral bands: 0,51 – 0,73 µm (panchromatic); 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 20m spatial resolution and 120 km of ground swath. It is possible to operate this camera both on nadir and off-nadir. This last capability allows the system to reduce the temporal resolution from 26 days (nadir operation mode) to three days (off-nadir operation mode).
Infrared Multispectral Scanner Camera (IRMSS). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,50 – 1,10 µm (panchromatic); 1,55 – 1,75 µm (infrared); 2,08 – 2,35 µm (infrared) and 10,40 – 12,50 µm (thermal infrared), with 80m spatial resolution on the three infrared reflected bands and 120 m in the thermal infrared one. Ground swath is 120 km for all the bands of this camera and 26 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera.
CBERS-2B is also similar to the two previous members of the series, but a new camera was added to the last satellite: High Resolution Panchromatic Camera (HRC). This camera records images in one single panchromatic band 0,50 – 0,80 µm which comprises part of the visible and of the near infrared portion of electromagnetic spectrum. The images recorded by this camera are 27 km width and have 2.7m spatial resolution. 130 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera. CBERS-2B was launched in 19 September 2007 by a Long-March 4B rocket from the Taiyuan base in China. The satellite operated until June 2010.
CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2011 and CBERS-4 in 2014[10]. Both satellites are identical and contain four cameras:
Advanced Wide Field Imager Camera (AWFI). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 60m spatial resolution and 720 km of ground swath. About five days are necessary for a whole coverage of the Earth surface.
Infrared Multispectral Scanner Camera (IRMSS). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,50 – 1,10 µm (panchromatic); 1,55 – 1,75 µm (infrared); 2,08 – 2,35 µm (infrared) and 10,40 – 12,50 µm (thermal infrared), with 40m spatial resolution on the three infrared reflected bands and 80 m in the thermal infrared one. Ground swath is 120 km for all the bands of this camera and 26 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera.
Panchromatic and Multiespectral Camera (PANMUX). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,51 – 0,73 µm (panchromatic); 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 5m spatial resolution for the panchromatic band and 10m spatial resolution in the other bands. It has 60 km of ground swath.It is possible to operate this camera both on nadir and off-nadir.
References
- ^ a b "Frequently asked questions on CBERS program". INPE. http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/faq.htm.
- ^ "CBERS 1". National Space Science Data Center. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1999-057A.
- ^ "The Launch of CBERS-2B". INPE. http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en_noticias/index.php?cod=not82.
- ^ "CBERS". National Space Science Data Center. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2003-049A.
- ^ "ZY". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/zy.htm.
- ^ "China launches 3rd earth observation satellite". RIA Novosti. http://en.rian.ru/world/20070919/79431180.html.
- ^ "CBERS-2B Launching". INPE. http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en_noticias/index.php?cod=not86.
- ^ "CBERS-2B first images delivered". INPE. http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en_noticias/index.php?cod=not88.
- ^ [camerashttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/?hl=en&content=cameras1e2e2b "CBERS Satéllite Sino Brasileiro de Recursos Terrestres"]. camerashttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/?hl=en&content=cameras1e2e2b.
- ^ "CBERS Satélite Brasileiro de Recursoso Terrestres". http://www.cbers.inpe.br/?content=lancamento3e4.
See also
China National Space Administration (CNSA) Robotic programs PastCurrentIn developmentHuman spaceflight
programsCurrentIn developmentPast missions Spaceports People ScientistsDu Qinghua · Fan Ruixiang · Hu Haichang · Huang Chunping · Long Lehao · Luan Enjie · Ouyang Ziyuan · Qi Faren · Qian Xuesen · Sun Laiyan · Wan Hu · Wang Yongzhi · Wei Yiqing · Ye Peijian · Zhuang Fenggan · Zhang Guitian · Zhao Jiuzhang · Zhu MiaolongAstronautsBrazilian space program Earth observation satellites Rockets Launch sites Astronauts Institutions Brazilian Space Agency · National Institute for Space Research · Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica · Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology (CTA)Meteorological remote sensing systems in Earth orbit Concepts Current projects A-train satellitesOther satellitesCBERS · COSMIC (FORMOSAT-3) · COSMO-SkyMed · DMSP · DMC · Elektro-L · Envisat · EROS · ERS · Fengyun · FORMOSAT-2 · GOES · IKONOS · Landsat · MetOp · Meteor · Meteosat · MTSAT · NOAA-N' · QuickBird · RADARSAT-1 · RADARSAT-2 · SMOS · SPOT · TerraSAR-X · THEOSFormer projects CompletedFailedWorld Reconnaissance Satellites, excluding Russia and the United StatesCommercial Electro-opticalSynthetic Aperture RadarInternational Electro-OpticalBrazil IMINTChina IMINTJSSW-3 · SJ-2 · DQ-1COMMFeng Huo-1 · ShenTong-1France IMINTGermany IMINTCOMMIndia IMINTOtherRISAT-2Israel IMINTCOMMOtherItaly IMINTJapan IMINTTurkey IMINTGöktürk I · Göktürk IICOMMTaiwan IMINT-COMMCategories:
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