Dinosaur Footprints

This article is about a nature reserve; for fossil footprints, see Trace fossil; for their study, see Ichnology

A footprint of Eubrontes, the most common dinosaur ichnogenus found at Dinosaur Footprints.

Dinosaur Footprints in Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA is an 8-acre (3 ha) wilderness reservation purchased for the public in 1935 by The Trustees of Reservations. The Reservation is currently being managed with the assistance from the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). The fossil and plant resources on the adjacent Holyoke Gas and Electric (HG&E) riverfront property are being managed cooperatively by The Trustees, Mass DCR, and HG&E.

Fossils

As the name implies, fossil footprints are this park's main attraction. They were formed during the Early Jurassic period (approximately 200 million years ago) when what is now the Connecticut River Valley was a subtropical region filled with lakes and swamps. Bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs up to 20 feet (6 m) long left footprints in the ancient mudflats. These tracks were fossilized and largely hidden until many were unearthed by the construction of what is now U.S. Route 5. The area was acclaimed by 19th century paleontologists for its abundance of fossil specimens, dinosaur tracks in particular, and the reservation is popular with the ichnologists that study them. There are 134 separate dinosaur footprints in the sandstone beds that flank the Connecticut River.^[1]

This area was studied by Edward Hitchcock, the Amherst College professor who advanced the revolutionary notion that rather than being cold-blooded reptiles, dinosaurs were more like a sort of "reptilian bird." In the 1930's, a Springfield, Massachusetts newspaper poked fun at this notion by referring to the animals that left the fossilized footprints as "the Giant Turkeys of Prof. Hitchcock."^[2]

Smith College professor William J. Miller wrote in his Geological History of the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts:

The largest numbers by far have been found at various localities in the general direction of Turner's Falls and South Hadley. In regard to the perfect preservation of such a vast number of geologically ancient animal tracks no district in the world is at all comparable with the Connecticut Valley ... In one case the writer is able to step, with a stride of about three and a half feet, in a series of eleven footprints, each about a foot long, exactly where a giant dinosaur left his foot print impressions on the original surface. ^[2]

Ripple marks preserved in sandstone at Dinosaur Footprints.

According to more recent analysis by Yale University researchers, the fossilized footprints on the reservation come from three related species of carnivorous dinosaurs. The smallest of the dinosaurs was a theropod whose footprints are known as Grallator cuneatus, which are 3 inches (76 mm) to 5 inches (127 mm) long. Slightly larger are theropod footprints called Anchisauripus sillimani. Eubrontes giganteus, the largest of the three, consists of footprints 11 inches (279 mm) to 13 inches (330 mm) long. Close analysis of these fossil trackways led to the conclusion that the large animals were gregarious and traveled in a "herd, pack, or flock."^[1] In addition to the footprints of theropod dinosaurs, those of early ornithischians, called Anomoepus scambus (some with associated tail drags), have been identified at the site. Non-dinosaurs are represented by footprints called Batrachopus, which were made by basal crocodilians.

A dirt path leads from the reservation entrance to the footprints. Besides the clearly formed dinosaur tracks, visitors can see imprints left by prehistoric plants, invertebrate trace fossils and delicate ripple marks of an ancient pool preserved in stone near the river's west bank. Fossils in situ are located not only in the reservation itself, but on other land including a riverfront parcel owned by Holyoke Gas and Electric and managed cooperatively with the Trustees of Reservations and the Commonwealth.^[1] There is also a place to see dinosaur tracks in nearby South Hadley, Massachusetts.^[3]

Visiting

The reservation is open daylight hours from April 1 to November 30 and has educational programs for children.^[1][4]

See also

• Connecticut River Valley trackways

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Trustees of Reservations
2. ^ ^{a b} Mount Holyoke College: Lost Dinosaur
3. ^ Alexander's New England Odyssey
4. ^ Passport to Holyoke

External links

• The Trustees of Reservations: Dinosaur Footprints

Coordinates: 42°14′30″N 72°37′24″W / 42.241682°N 72.623336°W / 42.241682; -72.623336 (Dinosaur Footprints)