Western wear

Western wear is a category of men's and women's clothing which derives its unique style from the clothes worn in the 19th-century American West. It ranges from accurate historical reproductions of pioneer, mountain man, Civil War, cowboy and vaquero clothing to the stylized garments popularized by singing cowboys such as Gene Autry and Roy Rogers in the 1940s and '50s. Western wear can be very informal, with a t-shirt and blue jeans forming a basic ensemble, or it may consist of tailored formal garments with western accents. At minimum, western wear generally incorporates a cowboy hat, a leather belt, and cowboy boots.

Hat

It may surprise many to learn that in the early days of the Old West it was the bowler hat rather than the slouch hat, centercrease (derived from the army regulation Hardee hat), or sombrero that was the most popular among cowboys as it was less likely to blow out off in the wind.^[1] By the 1870s, however, the Stetson had become the most popular cowboy hat due to its use by the Union Cavalry as an alternative to the regulation blue kepi.^[2][3] Stampede strings were installed to prevent the hat from being blown off when riding at speed.

The tall white Ten gallon hats traditionally worn by movie cowboys were of little use for the historical gunslinger as they made him an easy target, hence the preference of lawmen like Wild Bill Hickok, Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson for low-crowned black hats.^[4]

Originally part of the traditional Plains Indian costume, coonskin caps were frequently worn by Mountain men like Davy Crockett for their warmth and durability. These were revived in the 1950s following the release of a popular Disney movie starring Fess Parker.^[5][6]

Shirt

A Western shirt is a traditional item of Western Wear characterized by a stylized yoke in front and in back. It is generally constructed of denim or tartan fabric with long sleeves, and in modern form is sometimes seen with snap pockets, patches made from bandana fabric, and fringe.

A Western dress shirt is often elaborately decorated with piping, embroidered roses and a contrasting yoke. In the 1950s these were frequently worn by movie cowboys like Roy Rogers or Clayton Moore's Lone Ranger.^[7] Derived from the elaborate Mexican vaquero costumes like the Guayabera and the battleshirts worn by many Confederate soldiers, these were worn at rodeos so the cowboy could be easily identifiable.^[8] Buffalo Bill was known to wear them with a buckskin fringe jacket during his Wild West shows and they were fashionable for teenagers in the 1970s and late 2000s.

Another common type of Western shirt is the shield-front shirt worn by many US Cavalry troopers during the American Civil War but originally derived from a red shirt issued to prewar firefighters. The cavalry shirt was made of blue wool with yellow piping and brass buttons and was invented by the flamboyant George Armstrong Custer.^[9] In recent times this shield-front shirt was popularised by John Wayne in Fort Apache and was also worn by rockabilly musicians like the Stray Cats.

Coat

When a jacket is required there are is a wide choice available for both linedancers and historical re-enactors. These include frock coats, ponchos popularised by Clint Eastwood's Spaghetti Westerns, short Mexican jackets with silver embroidery, fringe jackets popular among outlaw country, southern rock and 1980s heavy metal bands,^[10] and Duster coats derived from originals worn in the Wild West.^[11] More modern interpretations include leather waistcoats inspired by the biker subculture and jackets with a design imitating the piebald color of a cow. Women may wear bolero jackets derived from the Civil War era zouave uniforms, shawls, denim jackets in a color matching their jeans or skirt, or a fringe jacket like Annie Oakley.^[12]

For more formal occasions inhabitants of the West might opt for a suit with "smile" pockets, a half-belt at the rear, piping and a yoke similar to that on the Western shirts. This can take the form of an Ike jacket, Leisure suit or three-button sportcoat. Country and Western singer Johnny Cash was known to wear an all-black Western suit, in contrast to the elaborate Nudie suits worn by stars like Elvis and Porter Waggoner.^[13] The most elaborate western wear is the custom work created by rodeo tailors such as Nudie Cohn and Manuel, which is characterized by elaborate embroidery and rhinestone decoration. (See also Nudie suit.) This type of western wear, popularized by country music performers, is the origin of the phrase rhinestone cowboy.

Fringe jacket

Pants

In the early days of the Wild West pants were made out of wool. In summer canvas was sometimes used. This changed during the Gold Rush of the 1840s when denim overalls became popular among miners for their cheapness and breathability. Levi Strauss improved the design by adding copper rivets^[14] and by the 1870s this design was adopted by ranchers and cowboys.^[15] The original Levi's jeans were soon followed by other makers including Wrangler jeans^[16] and Lee Cooper. These were frequently accessorised with kippy belts featuring metal conchos and large belt buckles

Leather chaps were often worn to protect the cowboy's legs from cactus spines and prevent the fabric from wearing out.^[17] Two common types include the skintight shotgun chaps^[18] and wide batwing chaps. The latter were sometimes made from hides retaining their hair (known as "woolies") rather than tanned leather. They appeared on the Great Plains somewhere around 1887.^[19]

Women wore knee-length prairie skirts,^[20] red or blue gingham dresses or suede fringed skirts derived from Native American dress. Saloon girls wore short red dresses with corsets, garter belts and stockings.^[21] After World War II, many women, returning to the home after working in the fields or factories while the men were overseas, began to wear jeans like the men.

Neckwear

During the Victorian era, gentlemen would wear silk cravats or neckties to add color to their otherwise sober black or grey attire. These continued to be worn by respectable Westerners until the early 20th century. Following the Civil War it became common practise among working class veterans to loosely tie a bandana around their necks to keep the dust out of their faces. This practise originated in the Mexican War era regular army when troops threw away the hated leather stocks (a type of collar issued to soldiers) and replaced them with cheap paisley kerchiefs.^[22]

Another well-known Western accessory, the bolo tie, was a pioneer invention reputedly made from an expensive hatband. This was a favorite for gamblers and was quickly adopted by Mexican charros who often wore it tied in a bow.^[23] In modern times it serves as formal wear in many southwestern states, notably Montana, New Mexico^[24] and Texas.^[25]

Footwear

See Cowboy Boot

Gallery

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  Will Rogers's Western wear would inspire the clothing of the singing cowboys of the 1940s

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  Early use of the embroidered Western shirt by Buffalo Bill

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  A typical western shirt has mother of pearl snap fasteners, two breast pockets, and a v-shaped motif.

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  Roy Rogers in fringed Western shirt and Dale Evans in matching fringe jacket

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  Mariachi singer wearing silver embroidered charro suit

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  Example of the garish Western shirts popular in the 1970s and among the modern-day indie rock scene

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  Porter Wagoner wearing elaborate Nudie suit

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  Annie Oakley wearing a prairie skirt

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  Authentic historical reenactor in buckskins

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  Wild Bill wearing sombrero and frock coat

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  Authentic Stetsons from the 1880s

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  Modern re-enactors dressed as saloon girls

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  Tom Mix in Ten Gallon Hat

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  Ernest Tubb (third from left) in Western suit

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  John Wayne in battered slouch hat and more authentic costume

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  President Reagan wearing stonewashed denim jacket and jeans

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  Modern-day interpretation of a Western outfit in which a bandanna has been made into a tank top

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  Poncho still worn by modern-day working Gauchos

Further reading

• Beard, Tyler; Arndt, Jim (1993). 100 Years of Western Wear. Gibbs Smith Publishers. ISBN 0-87905-591-X. 
• George-Warren, Holly; Freedman, Michelle (2001). How the West Was Worn. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-0615-5. 

References

1. ^ The Hat That Won the West, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19571026&id=xQQpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PkgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7036,5636283, retrieved 2010-02-10 
2. ^ Stetson Hats 1865–1870, Jeffery B. Snyder 1997
3. ^ * CavHooah.com – Stetson Page
4. ^ Wild Bill Hickok collection at Nebraska State Historical Society
5. ^ The Coonskin Cap
6. ^ Height of the Craze. 1957 Wales
7. ^ Western Shirts
8. ^ Guayabera
9. ^ Shield front shirts
10. ^ 1. ^ U.S. Cavalryman, 1865-1890, by Martin Pegler
11. ^ # George-Warren, Holly, and Michelle Freedman: How the West Was Worn, Harry N. Abrams (2001), ISBN 0-8109-0615-5.
12. ^ "Little Miss Sure Shot" - The Saga of Annie Oakley
13. ^ Beard, Tyler (2001). 100 Years of Western Wear, p. 72. Gibbs Smith, Salt Lake City. ISBN 087905591X.
14. ^ US 139121, Davis, Jacob & Levi Strauss, "Improvement in fastening pocket-openings", published 9 August 1892, issued 20 May 1873 
15. ^ Transcript, Levi Strauss vs. H.B. Elfelt, District of California Circuit Court of the United States Ninth Judicial Circuit, 1874. National Archives, Pacific Sierra Region
16. ^ Official website
17. ^ English schooling chaps. Web page accessed April 28, 2008
18. ^ Cowboyway.com, explanation of chaps styles. Web page accessed March 10, 2008
19. ^ "Westerners: Wild and Wooly Chaps." Wild West Magazine, February 2007, The History Net. Web site accessed September 2, 2007
20. ^ George-Warren, Holly, and Michelle Freedman: How the West Was Worn, p. 184-187.
21. ^ Waugh, Norah (December 1, 1990). Corsets and Crinolines. Routledge. ISBN 0-87830-526-2.
22. ^ Don Troiani's Soldiers in America
23. ^ Arte en la Charerria: The Artisanship of Mexican Equestrian Culture at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City
24. ^ Richardson's Secret Weapon: The Bolo Tie - The Sleuth
25. ^ Texas, The Lone Star State: Bola Tie (Bolo Tie)