Comparison of relational database management systems

Comparison of relational database management systems
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Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented constructors
Database access
Database RDBMS
Evaluation strategy
List of "hello world" programs
ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages
Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages
Compatibility of C and C++
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Comparison of Pascal and C
Comparison of Java and C++
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Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
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The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. This article is not all-inclusive or necessarily up to date. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.

Contents

General information

Maintainer First public release date Latest stable version Latest release date Software license
4D (4th Dimension) 4D s.a.s 1984 v12.2 SQL Proprietary
ADABAS Software AG 1970 8.1 Proprietary
Adaptive Server Enterprise Sybase 1987 15.5 Proprietary
Advantage Database Server (ADS) Sybase 1992 10.1 2010-12 Proprietary
Altibase Altibase Corp.[1] 2000-07 5.1.1 Proprietary
Apache Derby Apache 2004 10.8.1.2 2011-05-02 Apache License
CUBRID NHN Corporation[2] 2008-11 8.4.0 2011-05-12 GPL v2
Datacom CA, Inc. ? 11.2 Proprietary
DB2 IBM 1983 9.7 2009-04-22 Proprietary
Drizzle Brian Aker 2008 Build 1126 BSD, GPL v2
Empress Embedded Database Empress Software Inc[3] 1979 10.20 2010-03 Proprietary
FileMaker FileMaker[4] 1984 11.0 2010-03 Proprietary
Firebird Firebird project[5] 2000-07-25 2.5.1 2011-10-04 IPL[6] and IDPL[7]
FrontBase FrontBase, Inc[8] 1996 5.1.2 2010-01 Proprietary
HSQLDB HSQL Development Group 2001 2.2.5 2011-07 BSD
H2 H2 Software 2005 1.3.160 2011-09-11 EPL and modified MPL
Informix Dynamic Server IBM 1981????1980 11.70.xC2 2011-03-28 Proprietary
Ingres Ingres Corp. 1974 Ingres Database 10 2010-10-12 GPL and Proprietary
InterBase Embarcadero 1984 InterBase XE 2010-09-21 Proprietary
Linter SQL RDBMS RELEX Group 1990 6.x Proprietary
LucidDB The Eigenbase Project[9] 2007-01 0.9.3 GPL v2
D-Softs Database Compare http://www.databasecompare.net 2008-01 2.6.2 GPL v2
MariaDB MariaDB Community  ? 5.2 2011-09-22 GPL v2
MaxDB SAP AG 2003-05 7.6 2008-01 Proprietary
Microsoft Access (JET) Microsoft 1992 14 (2010) Proprietary
Microsoft Visual Foxpro Microsoft 1984[10] 9 (2005) 2007-10-11[10] Proprietary
Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft 1989 2008 R2 (v10.5) Proprietary
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) Microsoft 2000 2010 (v3.5 SP2) Proprietary
MonetDB/SQL The MonetDB Developer Team 2004 5.22 2010-10 MonetDB Public License v1.1[11]
mSQL Hughes Technologies 1994 3.9[12] 2011-02 Proprietary
MySQL Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation) 1995-11 5.5.17 2011-10-21 GPL or Proprietary
Navibase Naviworx 2009 1.0.0 2010-11-02 Proprietary
Nexusdb Nexus Database Systems Pty Ltd[13] 2003-09 3.04 2010-05-08 Proprietary
HP NonStop SQL Hewlett-Packard 1987 SQL/MX 2.3 Proprietary
Omnis Studio TigerLogic Inc[14] 1982-07 4.3.1 Release 1no 2008-05 Proprietary
OpenBase SQL OpenBase International[15] 1991 11.0.0 Proprietary
Oracle Oracle Corporation 1979-11 11g Release 2 2009-09 Proprietary
Oracle Rdb Oracle Corporation 1984 7.2.5.0 2011-06-20[16] Proprietary
OpenEdge Progress Software Corporation 1984 10.2B Proprietary
OpenLink Virtuoso OpenLink Software[17] 1998 6.2 2010-09 GPL or Proprietary
Paradox Corel Corporation[18] 1985 11 2003 Proprietary
Pervasive PSQL Pervasive Software 1982 11 2011-07 Proprietary
Polyhedra DBMS ENEA AB 1993 8.4 2010-12 Proprietary
PostgreSQL PostgreSQL Global Development Group[19] 1989-06 9.1.1[20] 2011-09-26 PostgreSQL licence (Free and Open Source)[21]
R:Base R:BASE Technologies[22] 1982 7.6 Proprietary
RDM Embedded Raima Inc.[23] 1984 10.1 2011-08-31 Proprietary
RDM Server Raima Inc.[24] 1993 8.3 Proprietary
ScimoreDB Scimore[25] 2005 3.0 2008-03-03 Proprietary
SmallSQL SmallSQL 2005-04-16 0.20 2008-12 LGPL
SQL Anywhere Sybase 1992 12.0 2010-07-09 Proprietary
SQLBase Unify Corp.[26] 1982 11.5 2008-11 Proprietary
SQLite D. Richard Hipp 2000-08-17 3.7.6.3 2011-05-19[27] Public domain
Superbase Superbase 1984 Scientific (2004) Proprietary
Teradata Teradata 1984 13.10 Proprietary
UniData Rocket Software 1988 7.2.12 2011-10 Proprietary
UniVerse Rocket Software 1985 11.1.4 2011-08 Proprietary

Timeline

Timeline of the development of major RDBMS software:

RDBMS timeline-2.svg

Operating system support

The operating systems the RDBMSes can run on.

Windows Mac OS X Linux BSD UNIX AmigaOS Symbian z/OS1
4th Dimension Yes Yes No No No No No No
ADABAS Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes
Adaptive Server Enterprise Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No
Advantage Database Server Yes No Yes No No No No No
Altibase Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
Apache Derby2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
CUBRID Yes Partial10 Yes No No No No No
Drizzle No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
DB25 Yes Yes (Express C) Yes No Yes No No Yes
Empress Embedded Database Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
Firebird Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Maybe
HSQLDB2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
H22 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
FileMaker Yes Yes No No No No No No
Informix Dynamic Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
Ingres Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Partial
InterBase Yes Yes Yes No Yes (Solaris) No No No
Linter SQL RDBMS6 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes6 No No No
LucidDB Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
MariaDB Yes Yes[28] Yes Maybe Yes No No No
MaxDB Yes No Yes No Yes No No Maybe
Microsoft Access (JET) Yes No No No No No No No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro Yes No No No No No No No
Microsoft SQL Server Yes No No No No No No No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) Yes No No No No No No No
MonetDB/SQL Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
MySQL8 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Navibase Partial Yes Partial Partial No No No No
Omnis Studio Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
OpenBase SQL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
Oracle4 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes
Oracle Rdb3 No No No No No No No
OpenEdge Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
OpenLink Virtuoso Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
Pervasive PSQL Yes Yes (OEM only) Yes No No No No No
Polyhedra7 Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
PostgreSQL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
R:Base Yes No No No No No No No
RDM Embedded Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
RDM Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
ScimoreDB Yes No No No No No No No
SmallSQL2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
SQL Anywhere Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
SQLBase Yes No Yes No No No No No
SQLite Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe
Superbase Yes No No No No Yes No No
Teradata Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
UniData Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
UniVerse Yes No Yes No Yes No No No

Note (1): Open source databases listed as UNIX-compatible will likely compile and run under z/OS’s built-in UNIX System Services (USS) subsystem. Most databases listed as Linux-compatible can run alongside z/OS on the same server using Linux on zSeries.

Note (2): The database availability depends on Java Virtual Machine not on the operating system

Note (3): Oracle Rdb was originally developed by DEC, and runs on OpenVMS

Note (4): Oracle database 11g also runs on OpenVMS, HP/UX and AIX. Mac OS X is limited to 10gR2. 10g also supported BS2000/OSD and z/OS (31-bit), but that support has been discontinued in 11g. Earlier versions than 10g were available on a wide variety of platforms.

Note (5): DB2 is also available for i5/OS, z/VM, z/VSE. Previous versions were also available for OS/2.

Note (6): Linter SQL RDBMS also runs on OpenVMS, Solaris, QNX, OS9000 and OS9.

Note (7): Polyhedra also runs on AIX, OSE, Solaris, LynxOS and VxWorks. Previous versions also ran on Ultrix, VMS and pSOS. Source code kits allow customers to port to other platforms.

Note (8): MySQL also runs on Solaris, Opensolaris, and can be made from source on other platforms as well.

Note (9): Binaries are not yet available for Mac OS X and BSD.

Note (10): CUBRID provides a client interface of its RDBMS for Mac OS X called the CUBRID Manager, which can be used for remote CUBRID connection.

Fundamental features

Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.

MySQL InnoDB is ACID compliant

ACID Referential integrity Transactions Unicode Interface
4th Dimension Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
ADABAS Yes No Yes Yes proprietary direct call & SQL (via 3rd party)
Adaptive Server Enterprise Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
Advantage Database Server Yes Yes Yes Yes3 API & SQL
Altibase Yes Yes Yes ? SQL
Apache Derby Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
CUBRID Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
Drizzle Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
DB2 Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
Empress Embedded Database Yes Yes Yes Yes API & SQL
Firebird Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
HSQLDB Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
H2 Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
Informix Dynamic Server Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
Ingres Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL & QUEL
InterBase Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
Linter SQL RDBMS Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
LucidDB Yes No No Yes SQL
MaxDB Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
Microsoft Access (JET) Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
Microsoft Visual FoxPro No Yes Yes No GUI & SQL
Microsoft SQL Server Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
MonetDB/SQL Yes Yes Yes Yes ?
MySQL Yes2 Yes2 Yes2 except for DDL [29] Yes SQL
Navibase Yes Yes Yes Yes API & GUI & SQL
OpenBase SQL Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI & SQL
Oracle Yes Yes Yes except for DDL [29] Yes API & GUI & SQL
Oracle Rdb Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
OpenLink Virtuoso Yes Yes Yes Yes API & GUI & SQL
Polyhedra DBMS Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
PostgreSQL Yes Yes Yes Yes API & GUI & SQL
RDM Embedded Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL & API
RDM Server Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL & API
ScimoreDB Yes Yes Yes Partial SQL
SQL Anywhere Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
SQLBase Yes Yes Yes Yes API & GUI & SQL
SQLite Yes Yes Yes Optional[30] SQL
Teradata Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL
UniData Yes No Yes Yes Multiple
UniVerse Yes No Yes Yes Multiple
ACID Referential integrity Transactions Unicode Interface

Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.

Note (2): For ACID compliance with MySQL, the InnoDB storage engine must be chosen.[31][32]

Note (3): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.

Limits

Information about data size limits.

Max DB size Max table size Max row size Max columns per row Max Blob/Clob size Max CHAR size Max NUMBER size Min DATE value Max DATE value Max column name size
4th Dimension limited  ?  ? 65135 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) 64 bits  ?  ?  ?
Advantage Database Server Unlimited 16 EiB 65530 B 65135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength) 4 GiB  ? 64 bits  ?  ? 128
Apache Derby Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 1012 (5000 in views) 2 147 483 647 chars 254 (VARCHAR: 32672)  ? 0001-01-01 9999-12-31 128
CUBRID 2 EB 2 EB Unlimited 6400 Unlimited 1 GB 64 bits 0001-01-01 9999-12-31 254
Drizzle Unlimited 64 TB 8 kB 1000 4 GB (longtext, longblob) 64 kB (text) 64 bits 0001 9999 64
DB2 512 TiB 512 TB 32 677 B 1012 2 GB 32 KiB) 64 bits 0001 9999 128
Empress Embedded Database Unlimited 263-1 bytes 2 GB 32767 2 GB 2 GB 64 bits 0000-01-01 9999-12-31 32
Firebird Unlimited1 ~32 TB 65 536 B Depends on data types used. 2 GB 32 767 B 64 bits 100 32768 31
HSQLDB 64 TB Unlimited8 Unlimited8 Unlimited8 64 TB7 Unlimited8 Unlimited8 0001-01-01 9999-12-31 128
H2 64 TB Unlimited8 Unlimited8 Unlimited8 64 TB7 Unlimited8 64 bits -99999999 99999999 Unlimited8
Informix Dynamic Server ~128 PB ~128 PB 32 765 bytes (exclusive of large objects) 32765 4 TB 32765 1032 01/01/000110 12/31/9999 128 bytes
Ingres Unlimited Unlimited 256 kB 1024 2 GB 32 000 B 64 bits 0001 9999 32
InterBase Unlimited1 ~32 TB 65 536 B Depends on data types used. 2 GB 32 767 B 64 bits 100 32768 31
Linter SQL RDBMS Unlimited 230 rows 64 kB (w/o BLOBs), 4 GB (BLOB) 250 4 GB 4 kB 64 bits 0001-01-01 2099-12-31 128
Microsoft Access (JET) 2 GB 2 GB 16 MB 255 64 kB (memo field), 1 GB ("OLE Object" field) 255 B (text field) 32 bits 0100 9999 64
Microsoft Visual Foxpro Unlimited 2 GB 65 500 B 255 2 GB 16 MB 32 bits 0001 9999  ?
Microsoft SQL Server 524 258 TB (32 767 files * 16 TB max file size) 524 258 TB Unlimited 30000 2 GB 2 GB6 126 bits2 0001 9999 128
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) 4 GB 4 GB 8060 bytes 1024 500 MB 4000 126 bits 2 0001 9999 128
MySQL 5 Unlimited MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB 64 kB3 40964 4 GB (longtext, longblob) 64 kB (text) 64 bits 1000 9999 64
Oracle Unlimited (4 GB * block size per tablespace) 4 GB * block size (with BIGFILE tablespace) 8 kB 1000 Unlimited 4000 B 126 bits -4712 9999 30
Polyhedra Limited by available RAM, address space 232 rows Unlimited 65536 4 GB (subject to RAM) 4 GB (subject to RAM) 32 bits 0001-01-01 8000-12-31 255
PostgreSQL Unlimited 32 TB 1.6 TB 250-1600 depending on type 1 GB (text, bytea) - stored inline or 2 GB (stored in pg_largeobject) 1 GB Unlimited -4713 5874897 63
RDM Embedded Unlimited 248-1 rows 32 KB 1000 4 GB char: 256, varchar: 4 KB 64 bits 0001-01-01 11758978-12-31 31
RDM Server Unlimited 264-1 rows 32 KB 32768 Unlimited 32 KB 64 bits 0001-01-01 11758978-12-31 32
ScimoreDB Unlimited 16 EB 8050 B 255 16 TB 8000 B 64 bits  ?  ?  ?
SQL Anywhere 104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32k pages)) Limited by file size Limited by file size 45000 2 GB 2 GB 64 bits 0001-01-01 9999-12-31  ?
SQLite 128 TB (231 pages * 64 kB max page size) Limited by file size Limited by file size 32767 2 GB 2 GB 64 bits No DATE type9 No DATE type9 Unlimited
Teradata Unlimited Unlimited 64 kB wo/lobs (64 GB w/lobs) 2048 2 GB 10 000 64 bits  ? 9999-12-31 Select 80991231 (date); 30
UniVerse Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited
Max DB size Max table size Max row size Max columns per row Max Blob/Clob size Max CHAR size Max NUMBER size Min DATE value Max DATE value Max column name size

Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB.[33] Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.

Note (2): limit is 1038using DECIMAL datatype[34]

Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding VARBINARY, VARCHAR, BLOB, or TEXT columns)[35]

Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,000 columns[35]

Note (6): Using VARCHAR (MAX) in SQL 2005 and later

Note (7): When using a page size of 32 kB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.

Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (231) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per CHAR/VARCHAR.

Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,[36] which work for timestamps between 0000-01-01 00:00:00 and 5352-11-01 10:52:47.

Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.

Tables and views

Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.

Temporary table Materialized view
4th Dimension Yes Planned for inclusion in next major release
ADABAS ? ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise Yes1 No
Advantage Database Server Yes No (only common views)
Altibase Yes Yes
Apache Derby Yes No
CUBRID No No
Drizzle Yes No4
DB2 Yes Yes
Empress Embedded Database Yes Yes
Firebird Yes No (only common views)
HSQLDB Yes No
H2 Yes No
Informix Dynamic Server Yes No2
Ingres Yes Planned for inclusion in next major release
InterBase Yes No
Linter SQL RDBMS Yes No
LucidDB No No
MaxDB Yes No
Microsoft Access (JET) No No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro Yes Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Yes Yes3
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) Yes No
MonetDB/SQL Yes No
MySQL Yes No4
OpenBase SQL Yes Yes
Oracle Yes Yes
Oracle Rdb Yes Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso Yes Yes
Polyhedra DBMS No No (only common views)
PostgreSQL Yes No5
RDM Embedded Yes No
RDM Server Yes No
SQL Anywhere Yes Yes
ScimoreDB No No
SQLite Yes No
Teradata Yes Yes
UniData Yes No
UniVerse Yes No

Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.[37]

Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM’s documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view’s query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.[38]

Note (3): Query optimizer support only in Developer and Enterprise Editions. In other versions, a direct reference to materialized view and a query hint are required.[39]

Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.[40]

Note (5): Materialized views can be emulated with stored procedures and triggers using PL/pgSQL, PL/Perl, PL/Python, or other procedural languages.[41]

Indexes

Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.

R-/R+ tree Hash Expression Partial Reverse Bitmap GiST GIN Full-text Spatial FOT
4th Dimension ? Cluster ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
ADABAS ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes ?
Advantage Database Server No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes ?
Apache Derby No No No No No No No No No[42] ?
CUBRID No No No No Yes No No No ? ?
Drizzle No No No No No No No No No ?
DB2 No ? Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes[43] ?
Empress Embedded Database Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No ?
Firebird No No Yes No Yes 1 No No No No[44] ?
HSQLDB No No No No No No No No No ?
H2 No Yes No No No No No No Yes[45] ?
Informix Dynamic Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ingres Yes Yes Ingres v10 No No Ingres v10 No No No ?
InterBase No No No No No No No No No ?
Linter SQL RDBMS10 No No No No No No No No Yes[46] ?
LucidDB No No No No No Yes No No No ?
MaxDB No No No No No No No No No ?
Microsoft Access (JET) No No No No No No No No No[47] ?
Microsoft Visual Foxpro No No Yes Yes Yes2 Yes No No No ?
Microsoft SQL Server ? Non/Cluster & fill factor Yes3 Yes4 No3 No No No Yes[48] Yes[49]
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) No No No No No No No No No[50] ?
MonetDB/SQL No Yes No No No No No No ? ?
MySQL MyISAM tables only MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,5 tables only No[51] No No No No No MyISAM tables only[52] ?
Oracle Yes 11 Cluster Tables Yes Yes 6 Yes Yes No No Yes[53] Yes[54]
Oracle Rdb No Yes ? No No ? No No ? ?
OpenLink Virtuoso Yes Cluster Yes No No Yes No No Yes ?
Polyhedra DBMS No Yes No No No No No No ? ?
PostgreSQL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes7 Yes8 Yes Yes Yes[55] PostGIS[56]
RDM Embedded No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No
RDM Server No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No
ScimoreDB No No No No No No No No Yes[57] ?
SQL Anywhere No No No No No No No No Yes ?
SQLite Yes[58] No No No Yes No No No Yes[59] SpatiaLite[60]
Teradata No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No ?[61] ?
UniVerse Yes Yes Yes3 Yes3 Yes3 No No No ? ?
R-/R+ tree Hash Expression Partial Reverse Bitmap GiST GIN Full-text Spatial FOT

Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.[62]

Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.

Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column[63] (doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View"[64] (proper name not just any view works[65])

Note (4): Can be implemented by using an indexed view.[66]

Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index[67] entries as needed.

Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.

Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.

Note (8): PostgreSQL will likely support on-disk bitmap indexes in a future version. Version 8.2 supports a related technique known as "in-memory bitmap scans".

Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.

Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option

Database capabilities

Union Intersect Except Inner joins Outer joins Inner selects Merge joins Blobs and Clobs Common Table Expressions Windowing Functions Parallel Query
4th Dimension Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes ? ? ?
ADABAS Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes
Advantage Database Server Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? No ?
Altibase Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ?
Apache Derby Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes No No ?
CUBRID Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ?
Drizzle Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No[68]
DB2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[69]
Empress Embedded Database Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ?
Firebird Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?
HSQLDB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
H2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes experimental[70] No[71] ?
Informix Dynamic Server Yes ? Yes, via MINUS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes[72]
Ingres Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ?
InterBase Yes ? ? Yes Yes ? ? Yes ? ? ?
Linter SQL RDBMS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes ?
LucidDB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? ? ?
MaxDB Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes No Yes ? ? ?
Microsoft Access (JET) Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No ?
Microsoft Visual Foxpro Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes ? ? ?
Microsoft SQL Server Yes Yes (2005 and beyond) Yes (2005 and beyond) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[73]
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) Yes No No Yes Yes ? No Yes No No ?
MonetDB/SQL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
MySQL Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No[74] No No[75]
OpenBase SQL No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ?
Oracle Yes Yes Yes, via MINUS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Yes Yes[76]
Oracle Rdb Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ?
OpenLink Virtuoso Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes ? ? ?
Polyhedra DBMS Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? ? Yes ? ? ?
PostgreSQL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No[77]
RDM Embedded No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No
RDM Server Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
ScimoreDB Yes ? ? Yes LEFT only Yes Yes Yes ? ? ?
SmallSQL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
SQL Anywhere Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?
SQLite Yes Yes Yes Yes LEFT only Yes ? Yes No No ?
Teradata Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
UniVerse Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No ?
Union Intersect Except Inner joins Outer joins Inner selects Merge joins Blobs and Clobs Common Table Expressions Windowing Functions Parallel Query

Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY

Data types

Type system Integer Floating point Decimal String Binary Date/Time Boolean Other
CUBRID[78] Static SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) FLOAT, REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit) DECIMAL, NUMERIC CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB BLOB DATE, DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP BIT MONETARY, BIT VARYING, SET, MULTISET, SEQUENCE
Drizzle[79] Static INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) DECIMAL BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, BLOB DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP ENUM, SERIAL
Empress Embedded Database Static TINYINT, SQL_TINYINT or INTEGER8

SMALLINT, SQL_SMALLINT or INTEGER16 INTEGER, INT, SQL_INTEGER or INTEGER32 BIGINT, SQL_BIGINT or INTEGER64

 REAL, SQL_REAL or FLOAT32

DOUBLE PRECISION, SQL_DOUBLE or FLOAT64 FLOAT or SQL_FLOAT EFLOAT

 DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, SQL_DECIMAL or SQL_NUMERIC

DOLLAR

 CHARACTER,

ECHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, NATIONAL CHARACTER, NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING and NLSCHARACTER

CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, TEXT, NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, and NLSTEXT

 BINARY LARGE OBJECT or BLOB

BULK

 DATE,

EDATE, TIME, ETIME, EPOCH_TIME, TIMESTAMP, MICROTIMESTAMP

 BOOLEAN SEQUENCE 32

SEQUENCE
HSQLDB[80] Static TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) DOUBLE (64-bit) DECIMAL, NUMERIC CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR, CLOB BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY, BLOB DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL BOOLEAN OTHER (object), BIT, BIT VARYING, ARRAY
Informix Dynamic Server[81] Static SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), INT8 (64-bit proprietary), BIGINT (64-bit) SMALLFLOAT (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit) DECIMAL (32 digits float/fixed), MONEY CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LVARCHAR, CLOB, TEXT TEXT, BYTE, BLOB, CLOB DATE, DATETIME, INTERVAL BOOLEAN SET, LIST, MULTISET, ROW, TIMESERIES, SPATIAL, USER DEFINED TYPES
Ingres[82] Static TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) FLOAT4 (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit) DECIMAL C, CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LONG NVARCHAR, TEXT BYTE, VARBYTE, LONG VARBYTE (BLOB) DATE, ANSIDATE, INGRESDATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL N/A MONEY, OBJECT_KEY, TABLE_KEY, USER-DEFINED DATA TYPES (via OME)
Microsoft SQL Server[83] Static TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT FLOAT, REAL NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLMONEY, MONEY CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE, FILESTREAM DATE, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATETIME2, SMALLDATETIME, DATETIME, TIME BIT CURSOR, TIMESTAMP, HIERARCHYID, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, SQL_VARIANT, XML, TABLE
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)[84] Static TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT FLOAT, REAL NUMERIC, DECIMAL, MONEY NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE DATETIME BIT TIMESTAMP, ROWVERSION, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, IDENTITY, ROWGUIDCOL
MySQL[85] Static TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) DECIMAL CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)
Oracle[86] Static + Dynamic (through ANYDATA) NUMBER BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE NUMBER CHAR, VARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB, NVARCHAR2, NCHAR BLOB, RAW, LONGRAW, BFILE DATE, TIMESTAMP (with/without TIMEZONE), INTERVAL N/A SPATIAL, IMAGE, AUDIO, VIDEO, DICOM, XMLType
Polyhedra Static INTEGER8 (8-bit), INTEGER(16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit) FLOAT32 (32-bit), FLOAT (aka REAL; 64-bit) N/A VARCHAR, LARGE VARCHAR (aka CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT) LARGE BINARY (aka BINARY LARGE OBJECT) DATETIME BOOLEAN N/A
PostgreSQL[87] Static SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE PRECISION (64-bit) DECIMAL, NUMERIC CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT BYTEA DATE, TIME (with/without TIMEZONE), TIMESTAMP (with/without TIMEZONE), INTERVAL BOOLEAN ENUM, POINT, LINE, LSEG, BOX, PATH, POLYGON, CIRCLE, CIDR, INET, MACADDR, BIT, UUID, XML, arrays
RDM Embedded[88] Static tinyint, smallint, integer, bigint real, float, double N/A char, varchar, wchar, varwchar, long varchar, long varwchar binary, varbinary, long varbinary date, time, timestamp bit N/A
RDM Server[89] Static tinyint, smallint, integer, bigint real, float, double decimal, numeric char, varchar, wchar, varwchar, long varchar, long varwchar binary, varbinary, long varbinary date, time, timestamp bit rowid
SQLite[90] Dynamic INTEGER (64-bit) REAL (aka FLOAT, DOUBLE) (64-bit) N/A TEXT (aka CHAR, CLOB) BLOB N/A N/A N/A
UniData Dynamic N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
UniVerse Dynamic N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Type system Integer Floating point Decimal String Binary Date/Time Boolean Other

Other objects

Information about what other objects are supported natively.

Data Domain Cursor Trigger Function 1 Procedure 1 External routine 1
4th Dimension Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
ADABAS ? Yes ? Yes? Yes? ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Advantage Database Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Apache Derby No Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes 2 Yes 2
CUBRID Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes
Drizzle Yes Yes Yes 4 Yes 4 Yes 4 Yes 4
Empress Embedded Database Yes via RANGE CHECK Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DB2 Yes via CHECK CONSTRAINT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Firebird Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
HSQLDB Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
H2 Yes No Yes 2 Yes 2 Yes 2 Yes
Informix Dynamic Server Yes via CHECK Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ingres Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
InterBase Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
LucidDB No Yes No Yes 2 Yes 2 Yes 2
MaxDB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?
Microsoft Access (JET) Yes No No No Yes, But single DML/DDL Operation Yes
Microsoft Visual Foxpro No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Yes (2000 and beyond) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) No Yes No No No No
MonetDB No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
MySQL No  3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
OpenBase SQL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oracle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oracle Rdb Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Polyhedra DBMS No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
PostgreSQL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
RDM Embedded No Yes No No Yes Yes
RDM Server No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
ScimoreDB No No No No Yes Yes
SQL Anywhere Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
SQLite No No Yes No No Yes
Teradata No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
UniData No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
UniVerse No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Data Domain Cursor Trigger Function 1 Procedure 1 External routine 1

Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.

Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.

Note (3): ENUM datatype exist. CHECK clause is parsed, but not enforced in runtime.

Note (4): In Drizzle the user codes functions and procedures in C++.

Partitioning

Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.

Range Hash Composite (Range+Hash) List
4th Dimension ? ? ? ?
ADABAS ? ? ? ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise Yes Yes No Yes
Advantage Database Server No No No No
Apache Derby No No No No
CUBRID Yes Yes No Yes
IBM DB2 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Empress Embedded Database No No No No
Firebird No No No No
HSQLDB No No No No
H2 No No No No
Informix Dynamic Server Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ingres Yes Yes Yes Yes
InterBase No No No No
Linter SQL RDBMS No No No No
MaxDB No No No No
Microsoft Access (JET) No No No No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro No No No No
Microsoft SQL Server Yes No No No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) No No No No
MonetDB Yes (M5) Yes (M5) Yes (M5) No
MySQL Yes Yes Yes Yes
OpenBase SQL ? ? ? ?
Oracle Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oracle Rdb Yes Yes ? ?
OpenLink Virtuoso Yes No No No
Polyhedra DBMS No No No No
PostgreSQL Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1
RDM Embedded Yes2 Yes2 Yes2 No
RDM Server No No No No
ScimoreDB No Yes No No
SQL Anywhere No No No No
SQLite No No No No
Teradata Yes Yes Yes Yes
UniVerse Yes Yes Yes Yes
Range Hash Composite (Range+Hash) List

Note (1): PostgreSQL 8.1 provides partitioning support through check constraints. Range, List and Hash methods can be emulated with PL/pgSQL or other procedural languages.[91]

Note (2): RDM Embedded 10.1 requires the application programs to select the correct partition (using range, hash or composite techniques) when adding data, but the database union functionality allows all partitions to be read as a single database.[92]

Access control

Information about access control functionalities (work in progress).

Native network encryption1 Brute-force protection Enterprise directory compatibility Password complexity rules2 Patch access3 Run unprivileged4 Audit Resource limit Separation of duties (RBAC)5 Security Certification
Adaptive Server Enterprise Yes (optional; to pay) Yes Yes (optional ?) Yes Partial (need to register; depend on which product)[93] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (EAL4+ 1)
Advantage Database Server Yes No No No ? Yes No No Yes ?
DB2 Yes ? Yes (LDAP, Kerberos…) Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (EAL4+6)
Empress Embedded Database ? ? No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
Firebird No Yes[94] Yes (Windows trusted authenification) No Partial (no security page)[95] Yes No No No7 ?
HSQLDB Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No
H2 Yes Yes ? No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No
Informix Dynamic Server Yes ? Yes10 ?10 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?
Linter SQL RDBMS Yes (with SSL) Yes No Yes (length only) No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
MySQL Yes (SSL with 4.0) No Yes (with 5.5) No Partial (no security page)[96] Yes ? ? ?8 No
OpenBase SQL Yes ? Yes (Open Directory, LDAP) No ? ? ? ? ? ?
Microsoft SQL Server Yes ? Yes (Microsoft Active Directory) Yes Yes Yes Yes (From 2008) Yes Yes Yes (EAL1+1)
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) No (not relevant, only file permissions) No (not relevant) No (not relevant) No (not relevant) Yes Yes (file access) Yes Yes No ?
Oracle Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (EAL4+1)
PostgreSQL Yes Yes (for 9.1) Yes (LDAP, Kerberos…9) Yes (as of 9.0 with passwordcheck module) Yes[97] Yes No Yes Yes Yes (EAL11)
RDM Embedded No No No No No Yes No No No No
RDM Server Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No
SQL Anywhere Yes ? Yes (Kerberos) Yes ? Yes Yes No Yes Yes (EAL3+1 as Adaptive Server Anywhere)
SQLite No (not relevant, only file permissions) No (not relevant) No (not relevant) No (not relevant) Partial (no security page)[98] Yes (file access) Yes Yes No No
Native network encryption1 Brute-force protection Enterprise directory compatibility Password complexity rules2 Patch access3 Run unprivileged4 Audit Resource limit Separation of duties (RBAC)5 Security Certification

Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, en general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.

Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.

Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).

Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?

Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?

Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list[99]

Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.

Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install[100]

Note (9): Authentication methods[101]

Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.

Databases vs schemas (terminology)

The SQL specification makes clear what an "SQL schema" is; however, different databases implement it incorrectly. To compound this confusion the functionality can, when incorrectly implemented, overlap with that of the parent-database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database, things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot ".". This seems to be a universal amongst all of the implementations.

A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such: SELECT * FROM database.schema.table

Now, the issue, both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo" from another like named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:

  • SELECT * FROM db1.foo vs. SELECT * FROM db2.foo (no explicit schema between db and table)
  • SELECT * FROM [db1.]default.foo vs. SELECT * FROM [db1.]alternate.foo (no explicit db prefix)

The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to Postgres-schemas, insomuch as Postgres lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.

MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that CREATE SCHEMA and CREATE DATABASE are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-table functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, Postgres fully supports schemas but lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support true schemas.

Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the Oracle 'shared-everything' RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different server. In the Oracle view, the 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.

The end result is confusion between the database factions. The Postgres and Oracle communities maintain that one database is all that is needed for one project, per the definition of database. MySQL proponents maintain that schemas have no legitimate purpose when the functionality can be achieved with databases. Postgres adheres to the SQL specification, in a more intuitive fashion (bottom-up), while MySQL’s pragmatic counterargument allows their users to get the job done while creating conceptual confusion.

See also

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External links

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Objects
Components

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  • Relational database management system — A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular commercial and open source databases currently in use are based on the… …   Wikipedia

  • List of object-oriented database management systems — The following is a list of object oriented database management systems.*Caché * [http://www.codeplex.com/Cerebrum Cerebrum : Object oriented network knowledge base] *ConceptBase *Datawasp *Db4o *eXtremeDB *Facets (previously known as GemStone J)… …   Wikipedia

  • Relational database — A visual diagram showing the relationship between the two tables, as indicated by the arrow A relational database matches data by using common characteristics found within the data set. The resulting groups of data uses the relational model (a… …   Wikipedia

  • Object-relational database — An object relational database (ORD), or object relational database management system (ORDBMS), is a database management system (DBMS) similar to a relational database, but with an object oriented database model: objects, classes and inheritance… …   Wikipedia

  • Database administration and automation — Database administration is the function of managing and maintaining database management systems (DBMS) software. Mainstream DBMS software such as Oracle, IBM DB2 and Microsoft SQL Server need ongoing management. As such, corporations that use… …   Wikipedia

  • Database — A database is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports… …   Wikipedia

  • Comparison of database tools — The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of available database administrator tools. Please see individual product articles for further information. This article is neither all inclusive nor necessarily up to… …   Wikipedia

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