Operator (programming)

Programming languages generally support a set of operators that are similar to operations in mathematics. A language may contain a fixed number of built-in operators (e.g. + - * = in C and C++), or it may allow the creation of programmer-defined operators (e.g. Haskell). Some programming languages restrict operator symbols to special characters like + or := while others allow also names like div (e.g. Pascal).

Some built-in operators supported by a language have a direct mapping to a small number of instructions commonly found on central processing units, though others (e.g. '+' used to express string concatenation) may have complicated implementations.

The specification of a language will specify the precedence and associativity of the operators it supports. Languages which support programmer-defined operators require the specification of the precedence and associativity of new operator symbols (e.g. Prolog).

Most programming language operators take one or two operands, with a few supporting more operands (e.g., the ?: operator in C). The position of the operator with respect to its operands may be prefix, infix or postfix.

Syntactically operators usually contrast to functions. In most languages, functions may be seen as a special form of prefix operator with fixed precedence level and associativity, often with compulsory parentheses e.g. Func(a) (or (Func a) in LISP). Most languages support programmer-defined functions, but cannot really claim to support programmer-defined operators, unless they have more than prefix notation and more than a single precedence level. Semantically operators can be seen as special form of function with different calling notation and a limited number of parameters (usually 1 or 2).

A compiler can implement operators and functions with subroutine calls or with inline code.

Operator overloading

Main article: Operator overloading

In some programming languages an operator may be ad-hoc polymorphic, that is, have definitions for more than one kind of data, (such as in Java where the + operator is used both for the addition of numbers and for the concatenation of strings). Such an operator is said to be overloaded. In languages that support operator overloading by the programmer but have a limited set of operators, operator overloading is often used to define customized uses for operators.

Operand coercion

Further information: Type conversion

Some languages also allow for the operands of an operator to be implicitly converted, or coerced, to suitable data types for the operation to occur. For example, in Perl coercion rules lead into 12 + "3.14" producing the result of 15.14. The text "3.14" is converted to the number 3.14 before addition can take place. Further, 12 is an integer and 3.14 is either a floating or fixed-point number (a number that has a decimal place in it) so the integer is then converted to a floating point or fixed-point number respectively.

Javascript follows opposite rules—finding the same expression above, it will convert the integer 12 into a string "12", then concatenate the two operands to form "123.14".

In the presence of coercions in a language, the programmer must be aware of the specific rules regarding operand types and the operation result type to avoid subtle programming mistakes.

Operator features in programming languages

The following table shows the operator features in several programming languages:

Programming language	Nonalphanumeric operator symbols	Alphanumeric operator symbols	Prefix	Infix	Postfix	Precedence	Associativity	Overloading	Programmer-defined overloading	Programmer-defined operator symbols
ALGOL 68	+* ** * / % %* %× - + < <= >= > = /= & -:= +:= *:= /:= %:= %*:= +=: :=: :/=: (All operators have bold Alphanumeric equivalents, c.f. next column. Some have non ASCII equivalents, c.f. below.) ¬ +× ⊥ ↑ ↓ ⌊ ⌈ × ÷ ÷× ÷* □ ≤ ≥ ≠ ∧ ∨ ×:= ÷:= ÷×:= ÷*:= %×:= :≠:	not abs arg bin entier leng level odd repr round shorten i shl shr up down lwb upb lt le ge gt eq ne and or over mod elem minusab plusab timesab divab overab modab plusto is isnt	Yes	Yes	No	Yes (prefix operators always have priority 10)	Infix operators are left associative, prefix operators are right associative	Yes	Yes	Yes
C	() [] -> . ! ~ ++ -- + - * & / % << >> < <= > <= == != ^ | && || ?: = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>=	sizeof	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
C++ (more)		sizeof new delete throw	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Java		new instanceof	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Haskell	+ - * / ^ ^^ ** == /= > < >= <= && || >>= >> $ $! . ++ !! : Many more in common libraries	Yes, by putting a function's name into backticks	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes, using Type classes		Yes
Pascal	* / + - = < > <> <= >= :=	not div mod and or in	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Seed7	{} [] -> ** ! + - * / << >> & >< | = <> > >= < <= <& := +:= -:= *:= /:= <<:= >>:= &:= @:=	conv varConv parse conj div rem mdiv mod times mult in not and or digits lpad rpad lpad0	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Prolog	:- ?- ; , . =.. = \= < =< >= > == \== - + / *	spy nospy not is mod	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Lisp	+ - * / = /= < <= > >=	mod rem floor truncate min max	Yes (operator and parameters must be surrounded by parentheses)	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes
Smalltalk	(yes - Up to two characters[1])	(yes - Needs a colon after the keyword)	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes

See also

• Relational operator

References

1. ^ Goldberg, Adele. "Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation, p. 27, ISBN 0-201-11371-6". http://stephane.ducasse.free.fr/FreeBooks/BlueBook/Bluebook.pdf.