Operators in C and C++

This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the fourth column "Included in C", dictates whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.

When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), there is a sequence point after the evaluation of the first operand.

C++ also contains the type conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast which are not listed in the table for brevity. The formatting of these operators means that their precedence level is unimportant.

Most of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other languages such as C#, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics.

Table

For the purposes of this table, a, b, and c represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate.

Overloadable means that the operator is overloadable in C++. "Included in C" means that the operator exists and has a semantic meaning in C (operators are not overloadable in C).

Arithmetic operators

Operator name		Syntax	Overloadable	Included in C	Prototype examples (T is any type)
					As member of T	Outside class definitions
Basic assignment		a = b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator =(const T& b);	N/A
Addition		a + b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator +(const T& b) const;	T operator +(const T& a, const T& b);
Subtraction		a - b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator -(const T& b) const;	T operator -(const T& a, const T& b);
Unary plus (integer promotion)		+a	Yes	Yes	T T::operator +() const;	T operator +(const T& a);
Unary minus (additive inverse)		-a	Yes	Yes	T T::operator -() const;	T operator -(const T& a);
Multiplication		a * b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator *(const T& b) const;	T operator *(const T &a, const T& b);
Division		a / b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator /(const T& b) const;	T operator /(const T& a, const T& b);
Modulo (remainder)		a % b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator %(const T& b) const;	T operator %(const T& a, const T& b);
Increment	Prefix	++a	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator ++();	T& operator ++(T& a);
	Suffix	a++	Yes	Yes	T T::operator ++(int);	T operator ++(T& a, int);
					Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter int to differentiate between prefix and suffix increment operators.
Decrement	Prefix	--a	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator --();	T& operator --(T& a);
	Suffix	a--	Yes	Yes	T T::operator --(int);	T operator --(T& a, int);
					Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter int to differentiate between prefix and suffix decrement operators.

Comparison operators/relational operators

Operator name		Syntax	Overloadable	Included in C	Prototype examples (T is any type)
					As member of T	Outside class definitions
Equal to		a == b	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator ==(const T& b) const;	bool operator ==(const T& a, const T& b);
Not equal to		a != b	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator !=(const T& b) const;	bool operator !=(const T& a, const T& b);
Greater than		a > b	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator >(const T& b) const;	bool operator >(const T& a, const T& b);
Less than		a < b	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator <(const T& b) const;	bool operator <(const T& a, const T& b);
Greater than or equal to		a >= b	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator >=(const T& b) const;	bool operator >=(const T& a, const T& b);
Less than or equal to		a <= b	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator <=(const T& b) const;	bool operator <=(const T& a, const T& b);

Logical operators

Operator name		Syntax	Overloadable	Included in C	Prototype examples (T is any type)
					As member of T	Outside class definitions
Logical negation (NOT)		!a	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator !() const;	bool operator !(const T& a);
Logical AND		a && b	Yes	Yes	bool T::operator &&(const T& b) const;	bool operator &&(const T& a, const T& b);
Logical OR		a || b	Yes	Yes	​bool T::operator ||(const T& b) const;​	​bool operator ||(const T& a, const T& b);​

Bitwise operators

Operator name		Syntax	Overloadable	Included in C	Prototype examples (T is any type)
					As member of T	Outside class definitions
Bitwise NOT		~a	Yes	Yes	T T::operator ~() const;	T operator ~(const T& a);
Bitwise AND		a & b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator &(const T& b) const;	T operator &(const T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise OR		a | b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator |(const T& b) const;	T operator |(const T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise XOR		a ^ b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator ^(const T& b) const;	T operator ^(const T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise left shift[note 1]		a << b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator <<(const T& b) const;	T operator <<(const T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise right shift[note 1]		a >> b	Yes	Yes	T T::operator >>(const T& b) const;	T operator >>(const T& a, const T& b);

Compound assignment operators

Operator name		Syntax	Overloadable	Included in C	Prototype examples (T is any type)
					As member of T	Outside class definitions
Addition assignment		a += b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator +=(const T& b);	T& operator +=(T& a, const T& b);
Subtraction assignment		a -= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator -=(const T& b);	T& operator -=(T& a, const T& b);
Multiplication assignment		a *= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator *=(const T& b);	T& operator *=(T& a, const T& b);
Division assignment		a /= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator /=(const T& b);	T& operator /=(T& a, const T& b);
Modulo assignment		a %= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator %=(const T& b);	T& operator %=(T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise AND assignment		a &= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator &=(const T& b);	T& operator &=(T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise OR assignment		a |= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator |=(const T& b);	T& operator |=(T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise XOR assignment		a ^= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator ^=(const T& b);	T& operator ^=(T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise left shift assignment		a <<= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator <<=(const T& b);	T& operator <<=(T& a, const T& b);
Bitwise right shift assignment		a >>= b	Yes	Yes	T& T::operator >>=(const T& b);	T& operator >>=(T& a, const T& b);

Member and pointer operators

Operator name		Syntax	Overloadable	Included in C	Prototype examples (T, T2 and R are any type)
					As member of T	Outside class definitions
Array subscript		a[b]	Yes	Yes	R& T::operator [](const T2& b);	N/A
Indirection ("object pointed to by a")		*a	Yes	Yes	R& T::operator *();	R& operator *(T& a);
Reference ("address of a")		&a	Yes	Yes	T* T::operator &();	T* operator &(T& a);
Structure dereference ("member b of object pointed to by a")		a->b	Yes	Yes	R* T::operator ->();	N/A
Structure reference ("member b of object a")		a.b	No	Yes	N/A
Member pointed to by b of object pointed to by a[note 2]		a->*b	Yes	No	R T::operator->*(R);[note 3]	R operator->*(T, R);[note 3]
Member pointed to by b of object a		a.*b	No	No	N/A

Other operators

Operator name		Syntax	Overloadable	Included in C	Prototype examples (T, R, Arg1 and Arg2 are any type)
					As member of T	Outside class definitions
Function call See Function object.		a(a1, a2)	Yes	Yes	R T::operator ()(Arg1 a1, Arg2 a2, …);	N/A
Comma		a, b	Yes	Yes	R& T::operator ,(R& b) const;	R& operator ,(const T& a, R& b);
Ternary conditional		a ? b : c	No	Yes	N/A
Scope resolution		a::b	No	No	N/A
Size-of		sizeof(a)[note 4] sizeof(type)	No	Yes	N/A
Type identification		typeid(a) typeid(type)	No	No	N/A
Cast		(type) a	Yes	Yes	T::operator R() const;	N/A
					Note: for user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name.
Allocate storage		new type	Yes	No	void* T::operator new(size_t x);	void* operator new(size_t x);
Allocate storage (array)		new type[n]	Yes	No	void* T::operator new[](size_t x);	void* operator new[](size_t x);
Deallocate storage		delete a	Yes	No	void T::operator delete(void* x);	void operator delete(void* x);
Deallocate storage (array)		delete[] a	Yes	No	void T::operator delete[](void* x);	void operator delete[](void* x);

Notes:

1. ^ ^{a b} In the context of iostreams, writers often will refer to << and >> as the “put-to” or "stream insertion" and “get-from” or "stream extraction" operators, respectively.
2. ^ An example can be found in "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" by Scott Meyers.
3. ^ ^{a b} In the case where the ->* operator is to work just like the default implementation, the R parameter will be method pointer to a method of the class T and the return value must be some kind of functor object that is ready to be called with (only) the method parameters.
4. ^ The parentheses are not necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. However, they are usually used regardless.

Operator precedence

The following is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages (when the operators also exist in Java, Perl, PHP and many other recent languages, the precedence is the same as that given^{[citation needed]}). Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of evaluation. Considering an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be evaluated prior to any operator that is listed on a row further below it. Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are evaluated with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator's precedence is unaffected by overloading.

The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a context-free grammar.^{[citation needed]} The table given here has been inferred from the grammar.^{[citation needed]} For the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.6 note 71 states that the C grammar provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and also states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammar closely follows the specification's section ordering:

"The [C] syntax [i.e., grammar] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same as the order of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence first."

A precedence table, while mostly adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, note that the ternary operator allows any arbitrary expression as its middle operand, despite being listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b , c : d is interpreted as a ? (b, c) : d, and not as the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). Also, note that the immediate, unparenthesized result of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * x is interpreted as (sizeof(int)) * x and not sizeof ((int) *x).

Precedence	Operator	Description	Associativity
1	::	Scope resolution (C++ only)	Left-to-right
2	++	Suffix increment
	--	Suffix decrement
	()	Function call
	[]	Array subscripting
	.	Element selection by reference
	->	Element selection through pointer
	typeid()	Run-time type information (C++ only) (see typeid)
	const_cast	Type cast (C++ only) (see const cast)
	dynamic_cast	Type cast (C++ only) (see dynamic_cast)
	reinterpret_cast	Type cast (C++ only) (see reinterpret cast)
	static_cast	Type cast (C++ only) (see static cast)
3	++	Prefix increment	Right-to-left
	--	Prefix decrement
	+	Unary plus
	-	Unary minus
	!	Logical NOT
	~	Logical bitwise NOT
	(type)	Type cast
	*	Indirection (dereference)
	&	Address-of
	sizeof	Size-of
	new, new[]	Dynamic memory allocation (C++ only)
	delete, delete[]	Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ only)
4	.*	Pointer to member (C++ only)	Left-to-right
	->*	Pointer to member (C++ only)
5	*	Multiplication
	/	division
	%	modulus (remainder)
6	+	Addition
	-	subtraction
7	<<	Bitwise left shift
	>>	Bitwise right shift
8	<	For relational operators < respectively
	<=	For relational operators ≤ respectively
	>	For relational operators > respectively
	>=	For relational operators ≥ respectively
9	==	For relational = respectively
	!=	For relational ≠ respectively
10	&	Bitwise AND
11	^	Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)
12	|	Bitwise OR (inclusive or)
13	&&	Logical AND
14	||	Logical OR
15	?:	Ternary conditional (see ?:)	Right-to-left
16	=	Direct assignment (provided by default for C++ classes)
	+=	Assignment by sum
	-=	Assignment by difference
	*=	Assignment by product
	/=	Assignment by quotient
	%=	Assignment by remainder
	<<=	Assignment by bitwise left shift
	>>=	Assignment by bitwise right shift
	&=	Assignment by bitwise AND
	^=	Assignment by bitwise XOR
	|=	Assignment by bitwise OR
17	throw	Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only)
18	,	Comma	Left-to-right

Notes

The precedence table determines the order of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified by parentheses.

• For example, ++x*3 is ambiguous without some precedence rule(s). The precedence table tells us that: x is 'bound' more tightly to ++ than to *, so that whatever ++ does (now or later—see below), it does it ONLY to x (and not to x*3); it is equivalent to (++x, x*3).
• Similarly, with 3*x++, where though the post-fix ++ is designed to act AFTER the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it clear that ONLY x gets incremented (and NOT 3*x); it is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=3*x, ++x, tmp) with tmp being a temporary value.

Precedence and bindings

• Abstracting the issue of precedence or binding, consider the diagram above. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators ( call them 3+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ] ) are competing to bind to y. The order of precedence table resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], 2*( . ) acts only on y[i]++ and 3+( . ) acts 'only' on 2*((y[i])++). It's important to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved by the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts only on y[i] by the precedence rules but binding levels alone do not indicate the timing of the Suffix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts only after y[i] is evaluated in the expression).

Many of the operators containing multi-character sequences are given "names" built from the operator name of each character. For example, += and -= are often called plus equal(s) and minus equal(s), instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "assignment by subtraction".

The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the corresponding Standards) by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:

logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression

while in C++ it is:

logical-OR-expression ? expression : assignment-expression

Hence, the expression:

e = a < d ? a++ : a = d

is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, but many compilers parse it as:

e = ((a < d ? a++ : a) = d)

which is a semantic error, since the result of the conditional-expression (which might be a++) is not an lvalue. In C++, it is parsed as:

e = (a < d ? a++ : (a = d))

which is a valid expression.

The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.[1] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetic operators like + and *.

The expression a & b == 7 is syntactically parsed as a & (b == 7) whereas the expression a + b == 7 is parsed as (a + b) == 7. This requires parentheses to be used more often than they otherwise would.

C++ operator synonyms

C++ defines^[1] keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators: and (&&), bitand (&), and_eq (&=), or (||), bitor (|), or_eq (|=), xor (^), xor_eq (^=), not (!), not_eq (!=), compl (~). These can be used exactly the same way as the symbols they replace as they are not the same operator under a different name, but rather simple text aliases for the name (character string) of respective operator. For instance, bitand may be used to replace not only the bitwise operator but also the address-of operator, and it can even be used to specify reference types (e.g. int bitand ref = n;).

The ANSI C specification makes allowance for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, inclusion of which has no effect.

References

1. ^ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 - The C++ Standards Committee (1 September 1998). ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Language C++. International standardization working group for the programming language C++. pp. 40–41. 

External links

• C++ Operators
• Prefix vs. Suffix operators in C and C++
• Operators in C Programming