Aubrey de Grey

Aubrey de Grey
In Los Angeles, California, 2008
Born	20 April 1963 (1963-04-20) (age 48) London, England
Residence	Cambridge, England
Nationality	British
Education	MA, PhD (Cantab)
Alma mater	Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Occupation	Chief Science Officer of the SENS Foundation
Known for	Work in Biogerontology, Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS)
Spouse	Adelaide Carpenter[1]

Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey (born 20 April 1963) is an English author and theoretician in the field of gerontology, and the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Foundation. He is editor-in-chief of the academic journal Rejuvenation Research, author of The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (1999) and co-author of Ending Aging (2007). He is perhaps best known for his view that human beings could, in theory, live to lifespans far in excess of that which any authenticated cases have lived to today.

De Grey's research focuses on whether regenerative medicine can thwart the aging process. He works on the development of what he calls "Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence" (SENS), a tissue-repair strategy intended to rejuvenate the human body and allow an indefinite lifespan. To this end, he has identified seven types of molecular and cellular damage caused by essential metabolic processes. SENS is a proposed panel of therapies designed to repair this damage.^[2]

De Grey is a fellow of the Gerontological Society of America, the American Aging Association, the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and an adviser to the Singularity Institute.^[3] He has been interviewed in recent years in a number of news sources, including CBS 60 Minutes, the BBC, The New York Times, Fortune Magazine, The Washington Post, TED, Popular Science, The Colbert Report, Time, and the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe.

Early life and education

De Grey was born and brought up in London, England.^{[citation needed]} He told The Observer that he never knew his father, and that his mother, an artist, hothoused him in the areas she herself was the weakest: science and mathematics.^[1] He was educated at Sussex House School and Harrow School. He went to the University of Cambridge, graduating in 1985 with a BA in computer science from Trinity Hall.

Career

After graduation in 1985, de Grey joined Sinclair Research Ltd as an AI/software engineer. In 1986, he co-founded Man-Made Minions Ltd to pursue the development of an automated formal program verifier. He met his wife, fruit-fly geneticist Adelaide Carpenter, at a graduate party in Cambridge, and through her was introduced to the science of anti-aging, when her boss needed someone who knew about computers and biology to take over the running of a database on fruit flies.^[4] From 1992 until 2006, he was in charge of software development at the university's Genetics Department for the FlyBase genetic database.^[5]

In 1999, his book The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging was published, in which he writes that obviating damage to mitochondrial DNA might by itself extend lifespan significantly, though he said it was more likely that cumulative damage to mitochondria is a significant cause of senescence, but not the single dominant cause. On the basis of the book, the University of Cambridge awarded de Grey a PhD in 2000.^[6]

Strategies

De Grey argues that the fundamental knowledge needed to develop effective anti-aging medicine mostly already exists, and that the science is ahead of the funding. He works to identify and promote specific technological approaches to the reversal of various aspects of aging, or, as de Grey puts it, "the set of accumulated side effects from metabolism that eventually kills us,"^[7] and for the more proactive and urgent approaches to extending the healthy human lifespan. Regarding this issue, de Grey is a supporter of life extension.

As of 2005, his work centered upon a detailed plan called Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS), which is aimed at preventing age-related physical and cognitive decline. In March 2009, he co-founded the SENS Foundation, a non-profit organization based in California, United States, where he currently serves as Chief Science Officer. The Foundation "works to develop, promote and ensure widespread access to regenerative medicine solutions to the disabilities and diseases of ageing,"^[8] focusing on the Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence. Before March 2009, the SENS research program was mainly pursued by the Methuselah Foundation, co-founded by de Grey.

A major activity of the Methuselah Foundation is the Methuselah Mouse Prize,^[9] a prize designed to hasten the research into effective life extension interventions by awarding monetary prizes to researchers who stretch the lifespan of mice to unprecedented lengths. De Grey stated in March 2005 "if we are to bring about real regenerative therapies that will benefit not just future generations, but those of us who are alive today, we must encourage scientists to work on the problem of aging." The prize reached 4.2 USD million in February 2007.

In 2005, he was the subject of two highly critical editorials accompanying an article in MIT's Technology Review.^[10]

In 2007, de Grey wrote the book Ending Aging with the assistance of Michael Rae.^[11] It provides a detailed account of the science, politics and social challenges of the entire SENS agenda.^[12]

In a 2008 broadcast on the Arte German & French TV, de Grey confirmed that according to him, the first human who will live up to 1,000 years is probably already alive now, and might even be today between 50 and 60 years old.^[13]

The seven types of aging damage proposed by de Grey (The Seven Deadly Things)

Main article: Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence

1. Cancer-causing nuclear mutations/epimutations:

   These are changes to the nuclear DNA (nDNA), the molecule that contains our genetic information, or to proteins which bind to the nDNA. Certain mutations can lead to cancer, and, according to de Grey, non-cancerous mutations and epimutations do not contribute to aging within a normal lifespan, so cancer is the only endpoint of these types of damage that must be addressed.

2. Mitochondrial mutations:

   Mitochondria are components in our cells that are important for energy production. They contain their own genetic material, and mutations to their DNA can affect a cell’s ability to function properly. Indirectly, these mutations may accelerate many aspects of aging.

3. Intracellular aggregates:

   Our cells are constantly breaking down proteins and other molecules that are no longer useful or which can be harmful. Those molecules which can’t be digested simply accumulate as junk inside our cells. Atherosclerosis, macular degeneration and all kinds of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease) are associated with this problem.

4. Extracellular aggregates:

   Harmful junk protein can also accumulate outside of our cells. The amyloid senile plaque seen in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients is one example.

5. Cell loss:

   Some of the cells in our bodies cannot be replaced, or can only be replaced very slowly - more slowly than they die. This decrease in cell number causes the heart to become weaker with age, and it also causes Parkinson's disease and impairs the immune system.

6. Cell senescence:

   This is a phenomenon where the cells are no longer able to divide, but also do not die and let others divide. They may also do other things that they’re not supposed to, like secreting proteins that could be harmful. Immune senescence and type 2 diabetes are caused by this.^{[citation needed]}

7. Extracellular crosslinks:

   Cells are held together by special linking proteins. When too many cross-links form between cells in a tissue, the tissue can lose its elasticity and cause problems including arteriosclerosis and presbyopia.^[7]

Criticism

Technology Review debate

A debate over the legitimacy of de Grey's proposals for combating aging was published in MIT's Technology Review. In the end, none of the challengers to de Grey were able to convince the judges that SENS was "so wrong that it is unworthy of learned debate," though the judges noted that "the proponents of SENS have not made a compelling case for SENS."

EMBO Reports

An article about SENS published in the viewpoint section of EMBO Reports by 28 scientists concluded that none of de Grey's therapies "has ever been shown to extend the lifespan of any organism, let alone humans".^[14] The SENS Foundation, of which de Grey was a co-founder, seems to agree with the EMBO Report as it states, "If you want to reverse the damage of aging right now I'm afraid the simple answer is, you can't." ^[15] Nonetheless, De Grey argues that this reveals a serious gap in understanding between basic scientists and technologists and between biologists studying aging and those studying regenerative medicine.^[16] The 15-member Research Advisory Board of his own SENS Foundation have signed an endorsement of the plausibility of the SENS approach.^[17]

Recorded public appearances

Talks

• "Approaching the human longevity escape velocity", Humanity+ UK 2011 London, January 29, 2011
• "Human regenerative engineering – theory and practice", Humanity+ UK 2010 (10:00) London, April 24, 2010
• Aubrey de Grey speaks at The Scientific Society at Trinity College, Oxford University, 14th October 2009
• Aubrey de Grey appears on CNN, 2009
• The Seoul Digital Forum 2008: Biotechnology (01:24:16) -- Presentation at the Seoul Digital Forum, held May 6-8, 2008, in Seoul, South Korea.
• Aubrey de Grey speaking at Cass Business School, London, February 12, 2008 "Prospects for extending a healthy life - a lot"], 2008
• Why we age, and how we can stop it^{[dead link]} -- Discussions on Advancing Regenerative Therapies -- April 21, 2008
• Unconventional Wisdom -- Thinking Digital -- May 23, 2008
• "Aging: the foremost target of regenerative medicine", Understanding Aging: Biomedical and Bioengineering Approaches (12:41) UCLA, June 27-29, 2008
• Defeating Aging -- NASA Ames Research Center -- August 7, 2008
• A True Cure for Human Aging - Culture and Convention Centre, Lucerne, Switzerland -- October 27, 2008
• Prospects for defeating aging altogether - Changing the World Conference -- Convocation Hall, Toronto -- November 15, 2008
• Edmonton Aging Symposium presentation (28:45) -- Took place March 30-31, 2007
• Google TechTalk Video (1:01:06) -- 1st Appearance (May 2007) entitled "Prospects for extending healthy life - a lot"
• Google TechTalk Video (1:13:10) -- 2nd Appearance (June 2007) entitled "WILT: taking cancer seriously enough to really cure it"
• Prospects for extending healthy life — a lot. -- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley -- October 2, 2007
• Google TechTalk Video (1:02:26) -- 3rd Appearance (December 2007) entitled "Aging of the Other Genome: A Decisive but Ambitious Solution"
• Our Right to Life: A talk advocating a pro-life stance by de Grey, 2006
• Tomorrows People Forum 2006: Longer? (2:00:58) The "Longer?" lecture (Presentation 3) for the Tomorrows People Conference Forum 2006 that took place on the 14-17 of March 2006 at the Saïd Business School at Oxford.
• TED conference 2006 - Fixing Humanity's worst problem (23:05) Presentation at the Technology Entertainment Design TED Conference 2006.
• The unfortunate influence of the weather on the rate of aging (10:35) Excerpt of talk at CR-IV (2006 Calorie Restriction Society Conference), held April 6-9, 2006, in Tucson, Arizona, United States.
• Immortality Institute conference presentation (29:49) Presentation at the Immortality Institute's conference in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 2006.
• An interview for meettheauthor.com filmed in November 2007
• Defeating aging - held July 2005 in Oxford, England - TED (conference) (29:59) longer version with interview.
• Presentation at Popular Technology conference Poptech (45:06), 2003.

TV interviews

• The Quest for Immortality - 60 Minutes television interview (January 1, 2006)
• Interview for CBC Canada Now
• Interview on GMTV's Good Morning (7:23) Interview on Britain's GMTV program "Good Morning" with Fern Britton and Phillip Schofield surrounding extreme life extension and its feasibility in the next 25 years. (January 30, 2006)
• News interview with Janet Street-Porter on Bloomberg Encounters, (12:29) A brief overview on how aging could be curable and extreme life extension could be available in as little as 25 years and the scientific debate surrounding such a proposition. (May 20, 2006)
• Interview at Google Videos (Adobe Flash video) in the Death in the Deep Freeze documentary (August 2, 2006)
• Interview on the comedy show the Colbert Report (February 11, 2008)
• de Grey was the first guest on the BBC Four comedy programme It's Only A Theory, where he argued that the first 1000 year old human has probably already been born. The panel that included comedy writer Andy Hamilton was divided in its opinions, and his theory was rejected (October 6, 2009)

Radio, podcast, and video podcast interviews

• SMART people podcast Interview in January 2011
• Interview (July 2009) on The Bollix! Science Podcast with Sam J Leonard
• Recording of interview on Immortality Institute weekly UStream.tv broadcast (51:30) in April 2009
• Video podcast (with audio only available) interview of de Grey (62:46) by Eliezer Yudkowsky on Bloggingheads.tv in December 2008
• Radio interview with Ian Bernard and Mark Edge on Free Talk Live (32:49) A half-hour interview (without commercials) given by Ian Bernard and Mark Edge of Free Talk Live on a discussion of how death can be defeated in our lifetime.
• Aubrey de Grey - Ending Aging Point of Inquiry (40:03) Interview by D.J. Grothe: Aubrey de Grey explains aging, and the SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence) program. (11 January 2008)
• Podcast interview with Futures in Biotech's Marc Pelletier (1:04:05) Aubrey de Grey on the Thousand Year Lifespan from 26 March 2008.
• Podcast interview with TPN's Cameron Reilly (30:00) A half-hour interview with Aubrey de Grey from 19 May 2008.
• Radio interview with Alex Jones Aubrey de Grey interviewed on Prison Planet radio to talk about aging technology and the question of whether man will ever live forever and the moral and ethical dilemmas that such a development will have to address. (102.14)
• Radio Interview on BBC World Service- One Planet (24 June 2010) with host Michael Williams - podcast available
• An interview with smart people podcast. Smartpeoplepodcast.com

Film appearances

• Exploring Life Extension (1:45:32) A film by the Immortality Institute that explores various aspects of extreme life extension including cryogenics, caloric restriction, transhumanism, and other scientific pursuits of extreme life extension.
• Aubrey de Grey was the subject of the documentary film Do You Want to Live Forever? (1:16:36), directed by Christopher Sykes and first broadcast on February 3, 2007 by Channel 4 in the UK.
• How to Live Forever - A documentary by Mark Wexler that sets out to discover the best practices and philosophies to help mitigate “the uncool trappings of old age."

See also

• Human enhancement
• List of life extension topics

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Templeton, Tom. Holding back the years, The Observer, 16 September 2007.
2. ^ SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence)
3. ^ Aubrey de Grey, Fellow, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies; Aubrey de Grey, advisor, The Singularity Institute
4. ^ Aubrey de Grey, Methuselah Foundation, accessed February 9, 2010.
5. ^ Misra, S.; Crosby, M.; Mungall, C.; Matthews, B.; Campbell, K.; Hradecky, P.; Huang, Y.; Kaminker, J. et al. (2002). "Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome: A systematic review". Genome biology 3 (12): RESEARCH0083. PMC 151185. PMID 12537572. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151185.  edit
6. ^ Congregation of the Regent House on 9 December 2000, Cambridge University Reporter, December 13, 2000. Special regulations available only to previous Cambridge undergraduates (of whatever discipline) permit the submission of "...a significant contribution to scholarship" instead. Though the awardee has not been registered as a Ph.D. student, the degree is not honorary; applicants are evaluated by the usual methods, with examiners appointed and an oral defense of the submitted work.
7. ^ ^{a b} Hang in There: The 25-Year Wait for Immortality interview with LiveScience
8. ^ http://www.sens.org/sens-foundation/brief-history
9. ^ Methuselah Mouse Prize
10. ^ Nuland, Sherwin. February 2005. "Do You Want to Live Forever?". Technology Review.
11. ^ de Grey, Aubrey; Rae, Michael. September 2007. Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York, NY: Saint Martin's Press, 416 p. ISBN 0312367066.
12. ^ Ben Best (December 2007). "Book Review: ENDING AGING". Life Extension Magazine. Life Extension Foundation. http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/dec2007_bookreview_01.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
13. ^ Aux frontières de l'immortalité, November 16th, 2008, 23:10, director  : Gerald Caillat
14. ^ Warner, H.; Anderson, J.; Austad, S.; Bergamini, E.; Bredesen, D.; Butler, R.; Carnes, A.; Clark, F. et al. (Nov 2005). "Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?" (Free full text). EMBO reports 6 (11): 1006–1008. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400555. ISSN 1469-221X. PMC 1371037. PMID 16264422. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1371037.  edit
15. ^ "SENS Foundation FAQ". SENS Foundation. http://www.sens.org/sens-research/faq. Retrieved 26 June 2011. 
16. ^ De Grey, A. D. N. J. (2005). "Like it or not, life-extension research extends beyond biogerontology". EMBO reports 6 (11): 1000. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400565. PMC 1371043. PMID 16264420. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1371043.  edit
17. ^ SENS Foundation - Research Advisory Board

External links

• Machines Like Us interview date March 11, 2007
• 'We will be able to live to 1,000' Interview with BBC website, outlining views
• Popular Science article at the Wayback Machine (archived June 11, 2009)
• Popular Mechanics article and podcast
• Interview with Life Extension magazine
• The Man Who Would Murder Death "A rogue researcher challenges scientists to reverse human aging" The Chronicle of Higher Education 2005-10-14
• Antiaging Technology and Pseudoscience (a web site)
• A short interview with AdG at Really Magazine (2005) at the Wayback Machine (archived May 25, 2009)
• Joel Garreau. 'The Invincible Man: Aubrey de Grey, 44 Going on 1,000, Wants Out of Old Age', The Washington Post, October 31, 2007. Page C01.
• Transcripts of Aubrey de Grey's conference lectures at Accelerating Future
• Aubrey de Grey vs Sherwin Nuland. From the documentary, HOW TO LIVE FOREVER

Persondata
Name	De Grey, Aubrey
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Date of birth	April 20, 1963
Place of birth	London, England
Date of death
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