Dan White

This article is about the San Francisco Supervisor. For other people with the same name, see Dan White (disambiguation).

Daniel J. White
Member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from District 8
In office January 8, 1978 – November 10, 1978
Preceded by	district created
Succeeded by	Don Horanzy
Personal details
Born	September 2, 1946(1946-09-02) Los Angeles County, California, USA
Died	October 21, 1985(1985-10-21) (aged 39) San Francisco, California, USA
Resting place	Golden Gate National Cemetery, San Bruno, California
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Mary Ann Burns (1976–1985)
Children	Charles, Rory, Laura
Residence	San Francisco, California
Profession	high school security, Police officer, firefighter, politician
Religion	Roman Catholic
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	Army
Years of service	1965 – 1972
Rank	Sergeant
Battles/wars	Vietnam War

Daniel James "Dan" White (September 2, 1946 – October 21, 1985) was a San Francisco supervisor who assassinated San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, on Monday, November 27, 1978, at City Hall. In a controversial verdict that led to the coining of the legal slang "Twinkie defense," White was convicted of manslaughter rather than murder in the deaths of Milk and Moscone. Less than two years after serving a sentence of five years, White returned to San Francisco and committed suicide. San Francisco Weekly has referred to White as "perhaps the most hated man in San Francisco's history."^[1]

Early life

Daniel James White was born in Los Angeles County,^[2] the second of nine children. He was raised by working class parents in a Roman Catholic^[1] household in the Visitacion Valley neighborhood of San Francisco. He attended Riordan High School and was expelled for violence during his junior year. He went on to attend Woodrow Wilson High School ^[3] where he was valedictorian of his class. He enlisted in the Army in 1965 and served in the Vietnam War before being honorably discharged in 1972. He worked as a security professional at A. J. Dimond High School in Anchorage, Alaska during early 1972. He returned to San Francisco to work as a police officer. According to a San Francisco Weekly newspaper account, citing no sources but based largely on interviews with two former political allies of White, he quit the force after reporting another officer for beating a handcuffed suspect.^[1]

White then joined the San Francisco Fire Department. While on duty, according to the San Francisco Weekly story, White's rescue of a woman and her baby from a seventh-floor apartment in the Geneva Towers was covered by The San Francisco Chronicle.^[1] The city's newspapers referred to him as "an all-American boy."^[4]

Career

Election as supervisor

In 1977, White was elected as a Democrat to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from District 8, which included several neighborhoods near the southeastern limits of San Francisco. At that time, supervisors were elected by district and not "at-large", as they had been before and then were again in the 1980s and 1990s. He had strong support from the police and firefighters' unions. His district was described by The New York Times as "a largely white, middle-class section that is hostile to the growing homosexual community of San Francisco." As a supervisor, White openly saw himself as the board's "defender of the home, the family and religious life against homosexuals, pot smokers and cynics."^[5]

Tenure as supervisor

Despite their personal differences, White and Supervisor Harvey Milk initially had several areas of political agreement and they initially worked well together, according to the San Francisco Weekly account. That story said that Milk was one of three supervisors invited to the baptism of White's newborn child shortly after the election. White also persuaded Dianne Feinstein, then president of the board of supervisors, to appoint Milk chairman of the Streets and Transportation Committee, according to that story.^[1]

The Catholic Church in April 1978 proposed a facility, to be operated by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, in White's district for juvenile offenders who had committed murder, arson, rape, and other crimes, according to the same story. The account said White was strongly opposed, while Milk supported the facility, and this difference led to a conflict between the two.^[1] White held a mixed record on gay rights issues, both opposing the Briggs Initiative and voting against an ordinance prohibiting anti-gay housing and employment discrimination.^[1]

Assassinations

Main article: Moscone–Milk assassinations

After his disagreement with Milk over the proposed rehab center, White frequently clashed with Milk as well as other members of the board. On November 10, 1978, White resigned his seat as supervisor.^[5] The reasons he cited were his dissatisfaction with what he saw as the corrupt inner-workings of San Francisco city politics, as well as the difficulty in making a living without a police officer's or firefighter's salary, jobs he could not hold legally while serving as supervisor. White had opened a baked-potato stand at Pier 39, which failed to become profitable.^[6] He reversed his resignation on November 14, 1978 after his supporters lobbied him to seek appointment from George Moscone.

Moscone initially agreed to White's request, but later refused the appointment at the urging of Milk and others. On November 27, 1978, White visited San Francisco City Hall with the later-declared intention of killing Moscone, Milk, and two other San Francisco politicians whom he also blamed for lobbying Moscone not to re-appointment him. He arrived that day by climbing through a first-floor window on the side of City Hall carrying a loaded gun and 10 rounds of ammunition. By entering the building through the window, White was able to circumvent the recently installed metal detectors. After entering Moscone's office, White pleaded to be re-instated as supervisor, but Moscone said no. White then killed Moscone by shooting him in the shoulder, chest, and twice in the head. He then walked to the other side of City Hall to Milk's office, reloaded his gun, and fatally shot Milk five times, the final two shots fired with the gun's barrel touching Milk's skull, according to the medical examiner. White then fled City Hall, turning himself in at the San Francisco's Northern Police Station where he had been a police officer. While being interviewed by investigators, White recorded a tearful confession, stating, "I just shot him."

Trial

Main article: Twinkie defense

At the trial, White's defense team argued that his mental state at the time of the killings was one of diminished capacity due to depression. They argued, therefore, he was not capable of premeditating the killings, and thus was not legally guilty of first-degree murder. Forensic psychiatrist Martin Blinder testified that White was suffering from depression and pointed to several behavioral symptoms of that depression, including the fact that White had gone from being highly health-conscious to consuming sugary foods and drinks. When the prosecution played a recording of White's confession, several jurors wept as they listened to what was described as "a man pushed beyond his endurance." Many people familiar with City Hall claimed that it was common to enter through the window to save time. A police officer friend of White claimed to reporters that several officials carried weapons at this time and speculated that White carried the extra ammunition as a habit that police officers had. The jury found White guilty of voluntary manslaughter rather than first-degree murder. Outrage within San Francisco's gay community over the resulting seven-year sentence sparked the city's White Night Riots; general disdain for the outcome of the court case led to the elimination of California's "diminished capacity" law.^[7][8]

Imprisonment and suicide

White's headstone.

White served five years of his seven-year sentence at Soledad State Prison and was paroled on January 7, 1984. Fearing White might be murdered in retaliation for his crimes, California State Corrections Officials secretly transported him to Los Angeles, where he served a year's parole. At the expiration of that year, White sought to return to San Francisco; Mayor Dianne Feinstein issued a public announcement of his plans, and a statement formally asking White not to return. White did move back to San Francisco and attempted to rebuild his life with his wife and children. His marriage soon ended.

On October 21, 1985, less than two years after his release from prison, White committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning in his garage by running a garden hose from the exhaust pipe to the inside of his car. White's body was discovered by his brother, Thomas, shortly before 2 p.m. the same day.^[9]

White was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California, with a traditional government-furnished headstone issued for war veterans. He was survived by his two sons (seven and four years old at the time of his death), an infant daughter, and his ex-wife.^[9]

Confession

In 1998, Frank Falzon, the homicide inspector with the San Francisco police to whom White had turned himself in after the killings, said that he met White in 1984, and that at this meeting White had confessed that he had the intention to kill not only Moscone and Milk, but another supervisor, Carol Ruth Silver, and then-member of the California State Assembly (and future San Francisco Mayor) Willie Brown. Falzon quoted White as having said, "I was on a mission. I wanted four of them. Carol Ruth Silver, she was the biggest snake ... and Willie Brown, he was masterminding the whole thing." In 1975, Brown had authored the bill that legalized homosexuality in California. Falzon indicated that he believed White, stating, "I felt like I had been hit by a sledge-hammer ... I found out it was a premeditated murder."^[10]

In popular culture

• The story of the assassinations is told in the Academy Award-winning documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk (1984), which came out a year before White committed suicide.
• White's life, the assassinations, and his trial are covered in the 1984 book Double Play: The San Francisco City Hall Killings by Mike Weiss, which won the Edgar Award as Best True Crime Book of the Year. An expanded second edition, Double Play: The Double Assassination of George Moscone and Harvey Milk, was issued in 2010 and updated White's story to include his life after prison and his suicide. The second edition also includes a DVD with a half-hour video interview of White.
• Execution of Justice, a play by Emily Mann, chronicles the events leading to the assassinations. In 1999, the play was adapted to film for cable network Showtime, with Tim Daly portraying White.
• The assassinations were the basis for a scene in the 1987 science fiction movie RoboCop in which a deranged former municipal official holds the Mayor and others hostage and demands his job back.^[11]
• Actor Josh Brolin was nominated for an Academy Award for playing Dan White in Gus Van Sant's 2008 biopic Milk, which opened with wide release from Focus Features. The film suggests that Milk believed White may have been a closeted gay man.^[12] However, there is no evidence to suggest that Dan White was homosexual.^[1] Sean Penn plays Milk in the film.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Dan White's Motive More About Betrayal Than Homophobia. By John Geluardi. San Francisco Weekly. Published January 29, 2008.
2. ^ "California Birth Index", hosted at ancestry. "Daniel James White, born September 2, 1946 Los Angeles County"
3. ^ Mike Weiss, Double Play: The San Francisco City Hall Killings (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1984) pp. 49, 54.
4. ^ Ebert, Roger. Milk. The Chicago Sun Times. Published November 24, 2008.
5. ^ ^{a b} Turner, Wallace (November 28, 1978). "Suspect Sought Job". The New York Times. 
6. ^ Sides, Josh. Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of San Francisco. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. p. 164. Available at Google Books.
7. ^ Pogash, Carol (2003-11-23). "Myth of the 'Twinkie defense'". San Francisco Chronicle: p. D-1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL. Retrieved 2008-12-03. 
8. ^ "Daniel James White Trial: 1979 - Double Execution". law.jrank.org. Net Industries. http://law.jrank.org/pages/3301/Daniel-James-White-Trial-1979-Double-Execution.html. Retrieved 2008-12-03. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Robert Lindsey (1985-10-22). "Dan White, Killer Of San Francisco Mayor, A Suicide". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E07E2DE1039F931A15753C1A963948260. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
10. ^ Weiss (1998).
11. ^ Booker, M. Keith (2006). Alternate Americas: Science Fiction Film and American Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 205. ISBN 0-27-598395-1. 
12. ^ "Edelstein D. 'Milk' Is Much More Than A Martyr Movie". National Public Radio. November 26, 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97518380. Retrieved January 3, 2009. 

References

• "Dan White: SFPD Interrogation Audio (November 27, 1978)". Bay Area Radio Museum, Gene D'Accardo/KNBR Collection. 1978. http://www.sfradiomuseum.com/audio/daccardo/dan-white_sfpd_1978.ram. Retrieved 2008-01-15. 
• Weiss, Mike (September 17, 1998). "Dan White wanted to kill Willie Brown on day he murdered San Francisco mayor, Harvey Milk". San Jose Mercury News. 
• Weiss, Mike (2010). Double Play: The Hidden Passions Behind the Double Assassination of George Moscone and Harvey Milk, Vince Emery Productions. ISBN 78-0-9825650-5-6

External links

	Biography portal
	San Francisco Bay Area portal
	LGBT portal

• "48 Drawings from the trial by David Newman"
• Dan White at the Internet Movie Database
• "Dan White". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=3579. Retrieved 2009-12-24. 

Persondata
Name	White, Dan
Alternative names	White, Daniel James
Short description	Police officer, firefighter, politician
Date of birth	September 2, 1946
Place of birth	San Francisco, California
Date of death	October 21, 1985
Place of death	San Francisco, California