Antimony pentachloride

Antimony pentachloride
IUPAC name Antimony pentachloride Antimony(V) chloride
Other names Antimonic chloride Antimony quintachloride Antimony perchloride
Identifiers
CAS number	7647-18-9 Y
ChemSpider	10613049 Y
EC number	231-601-8
RTECS number	CC5075000
Jmol-3D images	Image 1 Image 2
SMILES [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[SbH3+3] [SbH3+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-]
InChI InChI=1S/5ClH.Sb/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+3/p-5 Y Key: PZVOXSCNPLCIRA-UHFFFAOYSA-I Y InChI=1/5ClH.Sb.3H/h5*1H;;;;/q;;;;;+3;;;/p-5/r5ClH.H3Sb/h5*1H;1H3/q;;;;;+3/p-5 Key: KUGFODPTKMDJNG-MEZDTJOHAL InChI=1/5ClH.Sb/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+3/p-5 Key: PZVOXSCNPLCIRA-AACRGIKGAS
Properties
Molecular formula	SbCl5
Molar mass	299.02 g/mol
Appearance	Colourless or yellow (fuming) liquid
Density	2.336 g/cm3
Melting point	2.8 °C, 276 K, 37 °F
Boiling point	140 °C, 413 K, 284 °F
Solubility in water	decomposes
Solubility	soluble in HCl, chloroform and CCl4
Refractive index (nD)	1.59255
Viscosity	0.00191 Pa s
Structure
Molecular shape	Trigonal bipyramidal
Dipole moment	0 D
Hazards
EU Index	051-002-00-3
EU classification	Corrosive (C) Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases	R34, R51/53
S-phrases	(S1/2), S26, S45, S61
NFPA 704	0 3 1 W
Flash point	77 °C
LD50	1115 mg/kg, oral (rat)
Related compounds
Other anions	Antimony pentafluoride
Other cations	Phosphorus pentachloride
Related compounds	Antimony trichloride
Y pentachloride (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Antimony pentachloride is a the chemical compound with the formula SbCl₅. It is a colourless oil, but typical samples are yellowish due to impurities. Owing to its tendency to hydrolyse to hydrochloric acid, SbCl₅ is highly corrosive substance.

Preparation and structure

Antimony pentachloride is prepared by passing chlorine gas into molten antimony trichloride:

SbCl₃ + Cl₂ → SbCl₅

Gaseous SbCl₅ has a trigonal prismatic structure.^[1]

Reactions

Antimony pentachloride hydrolyses readily to give hydrochloric acid:

2 SbCl₅ + 5 H₂O → Sb₂O₅ + 10 HCl

This reaction is suppressed in the presence of large excess of chloride owing to formation of the hexachloroantimonate complex ion:

SbCl₅ + Cl⁻ → [SbCl₆]⁻

The mono- and tetrahydrates are known, SbCl₅^.H₂O SbCl₅^.4H₂O.

This compound forms adducts with many Lewis bases. It is used as the standard Lewis acid in the Gutmann scale of Lewis basicity.^[2]

It is also a strong oxidizing agent.^[3]

Applications

Antimony pentachloride is used as a polymerization catalyst and for the chlorination of organic compounds.

References

1. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419. 
2. ^ V. Gutmann (1976). "Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds". Coord. Chem. Rev. 18 (2): 225. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7. 
3. ^ Connelly, N. G. and Geiger, W. E. (1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chem. Rev. 96: 877–922. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.