George Deukmejian

George Deukmejian
official portrait
35th Governor of California
In office January 3, 1983 – January 7, 1991
Lieutenant	Leo T. McCarthy
Preceded by	Jerry Brown
Succeeded by	Pete Wilson
27th California Attorney General
In office January 8, 1979 – January 3, 1983
Governor	Jerry Brown
Preceded by	Evelle J. Younger
Succeeded by	John Van de Kamp
Member of the California State Assembly from the 39th district
In office 1963–1967
Preceded by	William Grant
Succeeded by	James A. Hayes
Personal details
Born	June 6, 1928 (1928-06-06) (age 83) Menands, New York, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Gloria Saatjian
Residence	Long Beach, California, U.S.
Religion	Armenian Apostolic
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1953–1955
Rank	Judge Advocate General's Corps

Courken George Deukmejian, Jr. ( /djuːkˈmeɪdʒən/;^[1] born June 6, 1928) is an Armenian American politician from California who as a Republican served as the 35th Governor of California (1983–1991) and as California Attorney General (1979–1983).

Early life

Deukmejian was born in Menands, New York, where he spent his childhood. His parents were Armenians who immigrated from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1900s; his father was born in Gaziantep and his mother in Erzurum. The family name "Deukmejian" originates from the Turkish language word "Dökmeci" which means "molder." His father was a rug merchant, while his mother worked in Montgomery Ward and later for New York State. Deukmejian graduated a B.A. in Sociology from Siena College in 1949. He then earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from St. John's University in 1952. From 1953 to 1955, he served in the U.S. Army, assigned to the Judge Advocate General's Corps.

He moved to California in 1955. His sister, Mrs. Anna Ashjian, was there, and introduced him to Gloria Saatjian, whose parents were also immigrants from Armenia. They married in 1957 and had three children: two daughters, born in 1964 and 1969 and one son, born in 1966.

Political beginnings

In California, Deukmejian entered politics after a short period of private practice in Long Beach alongside Malcolm M. Lucas. He was elected to represent Long Beach, California in the State Assembly in 1962. In 1966, he became a State Senator. By 1969, he was the majority leader in the State Senate. He first ran for Attorney General of California in 1970, finishing fourth in the Republican primary. He won the election for Attorney General in 1978 and served from 1979 to 1983. During this time, he led a high-profile campaign against marijuana in northern California, at one point descending by helicopter along with flak-jacketed, gun-toting agents on a marijuana farm.^[2]

Governorship

In 1982, he was elected to his first term as Governor of California, having defeated Lieutenant Governor Michael Curb, a recording company owner, in the Republican primary (1,165,266 or 51.1 percent to 1,020,935 or 44.8 percent). One of Deukmejian's early primary backers was former gubernatorial candidate Joe Shell of Bakersfield, California, a conservative who had opposed Richard M. Nixon in the 1962 primary.

Jerry Brown (left), Gray Davis (center) and George Deukmejian (right) on September 2, 2010

In the general election, he ran as a conservative supporter of public safety and balanced budgets. In addition, he was strongly critical of outgoing Governor Jerry Brown and promised to run a very different administration. He also strongly criticized the state Supreme Court, which was dominated by Brown appointees, notably controversial Chief Justice Rose Bird.

Deukmejian narrowly defeated Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in the general election. Deukmejian won the election by about 100,000 votes, about 1.2% of the 7.5 million votes cast. The victory came despite opinion polls leading up to the election which consistently showed Bradley with a lead, and despite exit polling conducted after voting closed which led some news organizations on the night of the election to make early projections of a Bradley victory. The discrepancy between the polling numbers and the election's ultimate results would come to be termed "the Bradley effect," which refers to a hypothesized tendency of white voters to tell interviewers or pollsters that they are undecided or likely to vote for a black candidate, but then actually vote for his opponent.

His governorship was a departure from his predecessor, Jerry Brown. Deukmejian vowed not to raise taxes, appealing to the business community by repealing some consumer and environmental requirements. He presented himself as law and order candidate proposing new efforts to fight crime. He faced a Democrat-dominated California State Legislature during his two terms as governor. He was the sole Republican statewide officeholder until Thomas W. Hayes was appointed California State Treasurer, following the death of Treasurer Jesse Unruh.

In 1983, Deukmejian abolished the Caltrans Office of Bicycle Facilities and reduced state spending for bicycle projects from 5 million to the statutory minimum of 360,000 per year.^[3] In 1984, he vetoed A.B. 1, the first bill to ban discrimination against gays and lesbians, which passed the Legislature. There were rallies and protests statewide.^{[citation needed]}

During his first term, Deukmejian won the voters' approval. In 1986, Bradley sought a rematch and Deukmejian defeated him by a 61% to 37% percent margin, a record not broken until 1998. Deukmejian served as Governor from 1983 to 1991. He is generally regarded as a moderate-to-conservative Republican.

The Deukmejian administration entered office during a national economic recession. California had a $1.5 billion budget deficit with an unemployment rate of 11.2%. He first halted the hiring of new state employees and banned out of state travel for those in government. He rejected the legislature's demands for tax hikes, and pared $1.1 billion from its budget by selectively vetoing spending items. One year later, further cuts, along with a booming defense industry, created a billion dollar surplus for 1985. At one point his approval ratings had reached 76%. His 1985 budget increased spending in education, highway construction and environmental projects. However, health and welfare program spending was criticized.^[4][5]

However, just three years later Deukmejian faced his own billion dollar deficit.^{[citation needed]} He supported a raise in the state minimum wage in 1989.^{[citation needed]} During Deukmejian's administration, the general fund budget grew by 98% without any increase in general tax rates. (California State general fund budget: 1982–1983 $21.7 billion; 1990–1991 $42.9 billion.)

Deukmejian largely made his career by being tough on crime.^{[citation needed]} When he was in the legislature, he wrote California's capital punishment law. As a candidate for reelection, in 1986 he opposed the retention election of three Brown-appointed justices of the California Supreme Court due to their consistent opposition to the death penalty in any and all circumstances. One of them (the best known) was Rose Bird, the first female Chief Justice of the Court (and the first one to be voted off). Deukmejian proceeded to elevate his friend and law partner, Malcolm M. Lucas, from Associate Justice to Chief Justice, and appointed three new associate justices. Under Deukmejian, the California prison population nearly tripled – as of December 31, 1982, the total prison population stood at 34,640 inmates. By the end of 1991 the population had reached 97,309.^{[citation needed]} He increased spending for the building of new prisons.^{[citation needed]}

In 1988, then-Vice President George H. W. Bush considered Governor Deukmejian as a possible running mate for the Presidential election that year. During a trade mission to South Korea in August, Deukmejian sent a letter saying he "cannot be considered" for nomination, refusing to leave the governorship to Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo T. McCarthy.^[6] Deukmejian didn't seek reelection to a third term as governor in the 1990 gubernatorial elections, and was succeeded by fellow Republican then-United States Senator Pete Wilson on January 7, 1991.

In 1991, in his last two hours in office, he vetoed the property tax exemption bill passed by both houses of the Legislature which applied to companies building thermal solar plants in California. Although the Legislature enacted the exemption in early 1991, companies would still face significant levels of property tax and other taxes. This exemption was focused towards the SEGS (Solar Electric Generating Stations) plants built by Luz Limited International (LUZ) in the late 1980s.^{[citation needed]} His veto resulted in LUZ' bankruptcy^{[citation needed]} and a 15-year hiatus in the construction of large solar power projects worldwide.^{[citation needed]}

Post-governorship

Deukmejian was a partner in Sidley & Austin, a national and international law firm, from 1991 to 2000 when he retired. He reentered public life by serving on special committees, including one to reform the California penal system, and a charter-reform committee in his hometown of Long Beach. He oversaw a revamping of the UCLA Willed Body Program after a scandal involving the sale of human body parts donated for science.

He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from California State University, Long Beach in 2008 because of his support for education, state law, and Long Beach.^[7]

Quotation

"Attorneys General don't appoint judges – Governors do." – Deukmejian explaining why he ran for Governor instead of running for a second term as Attorney General

References

1. ^ "The CMU Pronouncing Dictionary". http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/cmudict?stress=-s&in=DEUKMEJIAN. Retrieved 2011-01-21. 
2. ^ Hamburg, Dan (May 2, 2000) "Pandering Californian Pols Keep Fighting Losing War On Marijuana." CommonDreams.org
3. ^ Alan Wachtel (1990). "A History of CABO". Bicycle USA. http://cabobike.org/docs/history.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-17. 
4. ^ Magnuson, Ed (1983-01-17). "New Governor, New Style". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951852,00.html. Retrieved 2011-01-21. 
5. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (1984-01-23). "California's Down-to-Earth Duke". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949947,00.html. Retrieved 2011-01-21. 
6. ^ AP (1988-08-05). "Californian Removes Himself From Running for No. 2 Spot – NYTimes.com". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6D7113CF936A3575BC0A96E948260. Retrieved 2011-01-21. 
7. ^ Paul Browning (Week of May 26, 2008). "Former California Gov. George Deukmejian to Receive Honorary Doctorate Degree from Cal State Long Beach". California State University, Long Beach. http://karl.papubs.csulb.edu/news-events/story.cfm?hackid=966. Retrieved 2008-05-27. 

External links

California Assembly
Preceded by William Grant	California State Assemblyman, 39th District 1963–1967	Succeeded by James A. Hayes
Political offices
Preceded by Jerry Brown	Governor of California January 3, 1983–January 7, 1991	Succeeded by Pete Wilson
Legal offices
Preceded by Evelle J. Younger	California Attorney General January 8, 1979–January 3, 1983	Succeeded by John Van de Kamp
Party political offices
Preceded by Evelle J. Younger	Republican Party nominee for Governor of California 1982, 1986	Succeeded by Pete Wilson

Persondata
Name	Deukmejian, George
Alternative names
Short description	American politician
Date of birth	June 6, 1928
Place of birth	Menands, New York United States
Date of death
Place of death