Deuteragonist

In literature, the deuteragonist (from Greek: δευτεραγωνιστής, deuteragonistes, second actor) is the second most important character, after the protagonist and before the tritagonist.^[1] The deuteragonist may switch from being with or against the protagonist depending on the deuteragonist's own conflict/plot.

History

Greek drama began with simply one actor, the protagonist, and a chorus of dancers. The playwright Aeschylus introduced the deuteragonist; Aristotle says in his Poetics

Καὶ τό τε τῶν ὑποκριτῶν πλῆθος ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς δύο πρῶτος Αἰσχύλος ἤγαγε καὶ τὰ τοῦ χοροῦ ἠλάττωσε καὶ τὸν λόγον πρωταγωνιστεῖν παρεσκεύασεν (1449a15).^[2]

Thus, it was Aeschylus who first raised the number of the actors from one to two. He also curtailed the chorus and gave the dialogue the leading part (1449a15).^[2]

Aeschylus' efforts brought the dialogue and interaction between characters to the forefront and set the stage for other playwrights of the era, like Sophocles and Euripides, to produce many iconic plays.^[3]

Drama

Because Ancient Greek drama involved only three actors (the protagonist, deuteragonist, and tritagonist) plus the chorus, each actor often played several parts. For instance, in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, the protagonist would be Oedipus, who is on stage in most acts, the deuteragonist would be Jocasta (Oedipus' mother and wife), as well as the Shepherd and Messenger. This would be because Jocasta is certainly a major role—acting opposite Oedipus many times and occupying a central part of the story—and because the Shepherd and Messenger are onstage when Jocasta is offstage.^[4]

Literature

Literarily, the deuteragonist often assumes the role of "sidekick" to the protagonist. In Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the protagonist is Huck and the deuteragonist, his constant companion, is Jim. In this story the tritagonist would be Tom Sawyer.^[5] Conversely, the deuteragonist could also be a particularly visible antagonist, normally whom the actual antagonist hides behind, for example Professor Quirrell in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, whom Voldemort (the actual antagonist) uses in order to have a human body.

Television, film and video games

Many television series, films and video games employ the use of a deuteragonist in order to weave a thicker plot and to advance the characterization of the protagonist through contrast. Examples include:

• GLaDOS from Portal 2
• Clear Rivers from Final Destination
• Clank from Ratchet & Clank
• Barney Rubble from The Flintstones
• Buzz Lightyear from Toy Story
• Michael Vaughn from Alias
• Prince Zuko from Avatar: The Last Airbender
• Alphonse Elric from Fullmetal Alchemist
• Patrick Star from Spongebob Squarepants
• Suzaku Kururugi from Code Geass
• Han Solo from Star Wars
• Dory from Finding Nemo
• Aku Aku from Crash Bandicoot
• John Locke from Lost
• Phoebe Halliwell from Charmed
• Bentley the Turtle from Sly Cooper
• Captain Haddock from The Adventures of Tintin
• Riku from Kingdom Hearts
• Thel 'Vadam from Halo
• Alan Harper from Two and a Half Men
• Danny Tanner from Full House
• Jack Kelso from "LA Noire"
• Riley Freeman "The Boondocks"
• Sasuke Uchiha from Naruto
• Rigby from Regular Show
• Ferb from Phineas and Ferb
• Kyle (or sometimes, Stan) from South Park

See also

• Antagonist
• Sidekick

References

• Cuddon, J.A., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.

1. ^ Bartleby.com (2006). Deuteragonist
2. ^ ^{a b} Perseus Digital Library (2006). Aristotle, Poetics
3. ^ TheatreHistory.com (2006). "Aeschylus and his Tragedies"
4. ^ Wayne S. Turney (2006). Sophokles' Oedipus Rex
5. ^ Dr. L. Kip Wheeler (2006). Literary Vocabulary