- S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
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OAO S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (Russian: Ракетно-космическая корпорация "Энергия" им. С.П.Королева Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya "Energiya" im. S.P.Koroleva), also known as RKK Energiya, is a Russian manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components. It is the prime developer and contractor of the Russian manned spaceflight program; it also owns a majority of Sea Launch.[1]
Contents
Overview
Energia is the largest company of the Russian space industry and one of its key players. It is responsible for all operations involving manned spaceflight and is the lead developer of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and the lead developer of the Russian end of the International Space Station. Currently, the company employs between 22,000 — 30,000 people.[2]
The enterprise has been awarded with 4 Orders of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution and Russian Federation President's Message of Thanks. In addition, 14 cosmonauts employed by the company have been awarded the title "Hero of the Russian Federation".[3]
Structure
The company consists of the following subsidiaries and branches:[3]
- Primary Design Bureau
- Baikonur branch
- ZAO Experimental Machinebuilding Plant
- ZAO Volzhskoye DB
- ZAO PO Kosmos
In addition, the company possesses a developed social infrastructure.[3]
38% of the company's stock is owned by the Russian state.[3]
History
The company was founded on 16 May 1946 and has been known successively as: Special Design Bureau number 1 of R&D Institute number 88 (Russian: ОКБ-1 НИИ-88 or OKB-1 of NII-88), TsKBEM, NPO Energia and S.P. Korolev RSC Energia. It is named after the first chief of its design bureau Sergei Korolev (1946-1966). His successors as chief designers were: Vasiliy Mishin (1966–1974), Valentin Glushko (1974–1989), Yuriy Semenov (1989–2005), Nikolay Sevastyanov (2005–2007). Its current President and Chief designer is Vitaliy Lopota.
Ongoing projects
- Energia builds Russia's Soyuz TMA spacecraft for 3-person human spaceflight missions and Progress M robotic spacecraft for cargo missions.
- Russian segment of ISS: providing its own cosmonauts for ISS expeditions; responsibility for all Russian scientific experiments.
- Sea Launch project participation - production of block DM-SL as the upper stage for Ukrainian launch vehicle Zenit-3SL.
- Universal Spacecraft Configuration - usage for development of: communications satellites, remote sensing satellites, navigation satellites and unmanned orbital servicing satellites. USC was a basis for "Yamal-100" and "Yamal-200" satellites.
Future projects
- Further assembly of ISS Russian segment: development of Multipurpose Laboratory Module (together with Krunichev Space Centre) and "Oka" space production modules (not permanently attached to ISS).
- Development of new spacecraft with 3 stages:
- Modernization of "Soyuz TMA" spacecraft for manned circum-lunar missions - if will be a commercial orders for space tourism.
- Development of "Parom" space tug (in order to replace "Progress M" cargo spacecraft).
- Development of multi-aimed Prospective Piloted Transport System (PPTS, Rus') (instead of abandoned Kliper project) for 6 persons.
- Development of manned lunar program: landing by 2025, creating of permanent lunar base by 2030 in order to extract helium-3.
- Development of manned Mars mission: landing beyond 2035.
- Development of "Yamal-300" and "Yamal-400" communication satellites for Gazprom corporation.
- Development of "Smotr" remote sensing satellites.
- Development of a pod designed for clearing near-Earth space of satellite debris. The new device is planned to be assembled by 2020 and tested by 2023. The concept is to build the device to use a nuclear power source so that it could remain on task for up to 15 years, primarily working in the geosynchronous orbit zone. Debris collected would be de-orbited to re-enter over the ocean.[4]
Historic projects
Throughout the years its products have included:
IRBMs and ICBMs
Including meteorological rockets as their modifications.
- R-1 (missile) R-1B, R-1V, R-1D, R-1E
- R-2 (missile)
- R-5 missile, R-5M, R-11, R-11A, R-11F
- R-7 Semyorka,
- R-9 Desna
- RT-2P;
Launch vehicles
- R-7 (rocket family)
- Sputnik (rocket)
- Luna (rocket)
- Vostok rocket
- Polyot (rocket)
- Voskhod (rocket)
- Molniya (rocket)
- Soyuz (rocket)
- N1 rocket as a part of N1-L3 lunar complex
- Block D
- Energia
- "Yamal", "Kvant", "Kvant-1", "Avrora";
- upper stages for different kinds of launch vehicles: blocks L and DM;
Research, Observation and Communication Earth Satellites
- "Sputnik" Program
- "Elektron"
- "Zenit"
- "Molniya",
- "Signal",
- "Yamal"
- DZZ;
Deep Space Exploration Spacecraft
- "Luna" Program
- Luna 1958A
- Luna 1958B
- Luna 1958C
- Luna 1
- Luna 1959A
- Luna 2
- Luna 3
- Luna 1960A
- Luna 1960B
- Luna 1963B
- Luna 4
- Luna 1964A
- Luna 1964B
- Cosmos 60
- Luna 1965A
- Luna 5
- Luna 6
- Luna 7
- Luna 8
- Luna 9
- Cosmos 111
- Luna 10
- Luna 1966A
- Luna 11
- Luna 12
- Luna 13
- Luna 1968A
- Luna 14
- Luna 1969A
- Luna 1969B
- Luna 1969C
- Luna 15
- Cosmos 300
- Cosmos 305
- Luna 1970A
- Luna 1970B
- Luna 16
- Luna 17
- Luna 18
- Luna 19
- Luna 20
- Luna 21
- Luna 22
- Luna 23
- Luna 1975A
- Luna 24
- Luna 8K72
- "Venera"
- "Mars" Program
- "Zond" Program
Unmanned Cargo Spacecraft
Manned Spacecraft
- "Vostok Spacecraft"
- "Voskhod Spacecraft"
- Cosmos 110 - Unmanned spacecraft
- Voskhod 1
- Voskhod 2
- Voskhod 3 - Cancelled
- "Soyuz" Spacecraft
- Soyuz A
- Soyuz 7K-L1
- Soyuz 7K-L3
- Soyuz 7K-OK
- Cosmos 133
- Cosmos 140
- Cosmos 186
- Cosmos 188
- Cosmos 213
- Cosmos 238
- Soyuz 1
- Soyuz 2
- Soyuz 2A
- Soyuz 3
- Soyuz 4
- Soyuz 5
- Soyuz 6
- Soyuz 7
- Soyuz 8
- Soyuz 9
- Soyuz 7K-OKS
- Soyuz 7K-T
- Soyuz 7K-TM
- Soyuz 19
- Soyuz 22
- Soyuz-T
- Soyuz-TM
- Soyuz TM-1
- Soyuz-TMA
- Soyuz TMA-M
- Military Soyuz
- "Buran" Spacecraft.
Earth space stations
Lunar Space Stations
- Soyuz A
- Soyuz 7K-L1
- Soyuz 7K-L3 with Lunar Landing Module (as a part of N1-L3 lunar complex).
See also
- RKK Energiya museum
- Aerospace manufacturer
- Soyuz spacecraft
- MirCorp
- Kliper
- Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
- Parom
- Prospective Piloted Transport System
References
- ^ "Business briefs". http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/11/09/349379/business-briefs.html. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
- ^ Harvey, Brian (2007). "The design bureaus". The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (1st ed.). Germany: Springer. ISBN 9780387713540.
- ^ a b c d "OAO Rocket and Space Corporation Energia after S.P. Korolev". OAO Energia. http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/history/oao.html. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
- ^ "Russia To Spend 2 Bln Dollars For Space Clean-Up". http://www.spacemart.com/reports/Russia_To_Spend_2_Bln_Dollars_For_Space_Clean_Up_999.html. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
External links
- Official English web site: http://www.energia.ru/english/
Categories:- Aerospace companies of Russia
- Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
- Companies based in Moscow
- Soviet and Russian space institutions
- Spacecraft manufacturers
- Space industry companies of Russia
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