Sputnik program

The Sputnik program ( _ru. Спутник, IPA-ru|ˈsputnʲɪk) was a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, "Sputnik 1", launched the first man-made object to orbit the Earth. That launch took place on October 4, 1957 as part of the International Geophysical Year and demonstrated the viability of using artificial satellites to explore the upper atmosphere.

The Russian word "sputnik" literally means "co-traveler", "traveling companion" or "satellite",The word "sputnik" ( _ru. спутник) consists of the prefix "с"-, indicating "with" or "together", the root "пут", which means "path" or "journey", and the suffix -"ник", meaning "pertaining to or involved in." Thus, the word literally means "companion", "traveling companion" or "satellite", and is ultimately a modern adaptation of the Old Church Slavonic version of the word: "supotiniku".] and its R-7 launch vehicle was designed initially to carry nuclear warheads.

Impact

The surprise launch of "Sputnik 1", coupled with the spectacular failure of the United States' first two Project Vanguard launch attempts, shocked the United States, which responded with a number of early satellite launches, including Explorer 1, Project SCORE, and Courier 1B. The Sputnik crisis also led to the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1972): DARPA, and NASA, and an increase in U.S. government spending on scientific research and education.

The launch of "Sputnik 1" inspired U.S. writer Herb Caen to coin the term "beatnik" in an article about the Beat Generation in the "San Francisco Chronicle" on April 2, 1958.cite news
first = Jesse
last = Hamlin
url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1995/11/26/PK72111.DTL
title = How Herb Caen Named a Generation
work = San Francisco Chronicle
date = November 26, 1995
accessdate = 2007-09-30] See also: -nik.

Early flights

"Sputnik 1 "was launched on October 4, 1957. The satellite was 58 cm (about 23 in) in diameter and weighed approximately 83.6 kg (about 183 lb). Each of its elliptical orbits around the Earth took about 96 minutes. Monitoring of the satellite was done by many amateur radio operators. [ [http://www.arrl.org/news/features/2007/09/28/03/?nc=1 ARRLWeb: Sputnik and Amateur Radio ] ] Sputnik's R-7 booster had previously proven itself more than one month earlier as the world's first ICBM in the successful long-range test flight of August 21 (with the accomplishment published in "Aviation Week)." Sputnik 1 was not visible from Earth but the casing of the R-7 booster, traveling behind it, was.

"Sputnik 2" was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika. The mission planners did not provide for the safe return of the spacecraft or its passenger, making Laika the first orbital casualty. This mission was promptly dubbed "Muttnik" by US humorists. [cite web|title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |publisher=NASA |url=http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html|accessdate=2007-08-08]

The first attempt to launch "Sputnik 3", on February 3, 1958, failed, but the second on May 15 succeeded, and it carried a large array of instruments for geophysical research. Its tape recorder failed, however, making it unable to measure the Van Allen radiation belts.

"Sputnik 4" was launched two years later, on May 15, 1960.

"Sputnik 5" was launched on August 19, 1960 with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, 2 rats and several plants on board. The spacecraft returned to earth the next day and all animals were recovered safely.

"Sputnik 6" was launched on December 1, 1960 with the dogs Pchelka and Mushka, who were killed on re-entry by an unplanned destructive charge.

putnik 40 and Sputnik 41

Sputnik 40, also called Sputnik PS2, Radio Sputnik 17 (RS-17) and Mini-Sputnik, was a ¹⁄₃-scale model amateur radio satellite launched from the Mir space station on 3 November 1997 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Sputnik 1. The spacecraft body resembled Sputnik 1 and was built by students at the Polytechnic Laboratory of Nalchik in Kabardino-Balkaria. The transmitter was built by students from Jules Reydellet College in Réunion, with technical support from AMSAT-France. Its batteries expired on 29 December 1998 and the VHF transmitter fell silent. [cite web|title=Sputnik: First Artificial Satellite|url=http://www.batnet.com/mfwright/sputnik.html|accessdate=2006-12-18] [cite web | title= Tiny Beeping Model Tossed From Station | publisher=Space Today Online | url=http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/Hamsats/Hamsats1990s/Hamsats90sMiniSputnik.html | accessdate=2006-12-18] [cite web | title=Radio Sputnik 17 | publisher=AMSAT | url=http://www.amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/rs17.html | accessdate=2006-12-18] Its international designator is 1997-058C, United States Space Command object 24958.cite web | title=SPACEWARN Activities, SPX-529| publisher=NASA | url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/spx529.html | accessdate=2006-12-18]

Sputnik 41 (RS-18, designator 1998-62C, object 25533 was launched a year later, on 10 November 1998. It also carried a transmitter.

See also

* Soviet space program
* Sergei Korolev: chief designer of Sputnik
* Donald B. Gillies: one of the first to calculate the Sputnik 1 orbit
*Space Race: the competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R for space exploration
* Missions to Venus:
** Sputnik 7 (failed)
** Sputnik 8 (platform to launch Venera 1)
** Sputnik 19 (failed)
** Sputnik 20 (failed)
** Sputnik 21 (failed)

Notes

References

Further reading

* Dickson, Paul, "Sputnik: The Shock of the Century", Walker & Company (June 26, 2007), ISBN 978-0802713650

Three recent historical articles are noteworthy for their research and debunking of common misinformation:
*citation
last=Mitchell |first=Don |author-link=Don Mitchell
title=Sputnik: 50 Years Ago
url=http://www.mentallandscape.com/S_Sputnik.htm
access-date=2007-10-10
*citation
last=Siddiqi |first=Asif |author-link=Asif Siddiqi
title=Sputnik: A History of the Beginning of the Space Age
url=http://home.earthlink.net/~sovietwebspace/SovietWebSpace/sputnik/sputnik.html
access-date=2007-10-10
*citation
last=Zak |first=Anatoly |author-link=
title=Sputnik
url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik.html
access-date=2007-10-10

External links

* [http://www.newsweek.com/id/43257 Timeline of Space Exploration and Sputnik diagram by Newsweek]
* [http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/oct07/5584 - An interview with Sir Arthur C. Clarke on Sputnik]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik - Interactive Media]
* [http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Sputnik/Sputnikdocuments.html Documents related to Sputnik and the Space Race, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
* [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20071001/D8S06IM00.html Secrets of 1957 Sputnik Launch Revealed]
* [http://en.rian.ru/video/20071003/82269150.html 50th anniversary of the Earth's first artificial satellite launch. RIA Novosti Video]
* [http://www.vibrationdata.com/Sputnik.htm Sputnik]
* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Sputnik Sputnik Program Page] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
* [http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Sputnik/Sputnik.php Diary of the Sputnik Programme]