Cuban dissident movement

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The Cuban dissident movement is a political movement in Cuba whose aim is "to replace the current regime with a more democratic form of government".^[1] According to Human Rights Watch, the Cuban government represses nearly all forms of political dissent.^[2]

Background

See also: Human rights in Cuba and Censorship in Cuba

1959- the Cuban Revolution

Fidel Castro came to power with the Cuban revolution of 1959. By the end of 1960, according to Paul H. Lewis in Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America, all opposition newspaper had been closed down and all radio and television stations were in state control.^[3] Lewis states that moderate teachers and professors were purged, about 20,000 dissidents were held and tortured in prisons.^[3]

Homosexuals as well as other "deviant" groups who were barred from military conscription, were forced to conduct their compulsory military service in camps called "Military Units to Aid Production" in the 1960s and were subjected to political "re-education".^[4][5][6] Castro's military commanders brutalized the inmates.^[7]

One estimate from The Black Book of Communism is that throughout Cuba 15,000-17,000 people were executed.^[8] Meanwhile, in nearly all areas of government, loyalty to the regime became the primary criterion for all appointments.^[9]

Government authority

• The media is operated under the Cuban Communist Party’s Department of Revolutionary Orientation, which "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies".^[10]
• A Human Rights Watch 1999 report on Cuba notes that Cuba has penalties for anyone who "threatens, libels or slanders, defames, affronts (injuria) or in any other way insults (ultraje) or offends, with the spoken word or in writing, the dignity or decorum of an authority, public functionary, or his agents or auxiliaries". There are even harsher penalties for those who show contempt for the President of the Council of the State, the President of the National Assembly of Popular Power, the members of the Council of the State or the Council of Ministers, or the Deputies of the National Assembly of the Popular Power.^[11]
• There is a three-month to one-year sentence for anyone who "publicly defames, denigrates, or scorns the Republic's institutions, the political, mass, or social organizations of the country, or the heroes or martyrs of the nation". This appears designed solely to preserve the current government's power.^[11]
• Cubans are not allowed to produce, distribute or store publications without telling to authorities.^[11]
• Social dangerousness, defined as violations of socialist morality, can warrant "pre-criminal measures" and "therapeutic measures".^[12]
• Regarding institutions, the Human Rights Watch report notes that the Interior Ministry has principal responsibility for monitoring the Cuban population for signs of dissent.^[13]
• In 1991 two new mechanisms for internal surveillance and control emerged. Communist Party leaders organized the Singular Systems of Vigilance and Protection (Sistema Unico de Vigilancia y Protección, SUVP). Rapid Action Brigades (Brigadas de Acción Rapida, also referred to as Rapid Response Brigades, or Brigadas de Respuesta Rápida) observe and control dissidents.^[13] The regime also "maintains academic and labor files (expedientes escolares y laborales) for each citizen, in which officials record actions or statements that may bear on the person's loyalty to the regime. Before advancing to a new school or position, the individual's record must first be deemed acceptable".^[13]

1989: Communism ends in Europe, but not in Cuba

See also: Special Period and August 1994 protest in Cuba

While the communist governments in Europe fell, Cuba continued communism.

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who had unsuccessfully tried to replace hardline communists in Eastern Europe with reformers, might have supported Arnaldo Ochoa, a general who was executed on charges of drug trafficking. Cuba banned Soviet publications Sputnik and Moscow News in August 1989 because they were accused of "justifying bourgeois democracy".^[14]

In 1991 Castro stated that Cuba should "forget [the] world's criteria" for democracy. Castro alleged that Western "bourgeois democracy" has nothing to do with democracy and is "complete garbage".^[15]

Thousands of Cubans protested in Havana and chanted "Libertad!" ("Freedom") during the Maleconazo uprising on August 5, 1994. The uprising lasted a few hours before it was dispersed by the government's security forces, and an intervention by Fidel Castro himself.^[16] A paper published in the Journal of Democracy states that this was the closest that the Cuban opposition could come to asserting itself decisively.^[16]

Cuban dissidents formed the Concilio Cubano in late 1995. The Concilio planned to hold a meeting on February 24, 1996, a plan which was blocked by the government. The government arrested many of the leading activists and labeled them as "counterrevolutionary grouplets".^[16]

The Varela Project started in 1998.

Situation today

In 2010, Cuba was deemed the only "authoritarian regime" in the Americas by The Economist's 2010 Democracy Index.^[17] The island was the second largest prison in the world for journalists in 2008, second only to the People's Republic of China, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), an international press organization.^[18] The military of Cuba is a central organization; it controls 60 percent of the economy and is Raúl Castro's base.^[16]

According to a paper published in the Harvard International Review, dissident groups are weak and infiltrated by Cuban state security. Media is totally state-controlled. Dissidents find it difficult to organize and "Many of their leaders have shown enormous courage in defying the regime. Yet, time and again, the security apparatus has discredited or destroyed them. They do not represent a major threat to the regime."^[19]

The paper Can Cuba Change? in the National Endowment for Democracy' Journal of Democracy states that about nine-tenths of the populace forms an economically and politically oppressed underclass and "Using the principles of democracy and human rights to unite and mobilize this vast, dispossessed majority in the face of a highly repressive regime is the key to peaceful change".^[16] Working people are a critical source of discontent.^[16] The only legal trade union is controlled by the government and strikes are banned.^[16] Afro-Cuban dissidents have also risen, fueled by racism in Cuba.^[16]

Dissident groups

• There are a number of opposition parties and groups that campaign for political change in Cuba. Though amendments to the Cuban Constitution of 1992 decriminalized the right to form political parties other than the Communist Party of Cuba, these parties are not permitted to engage in public political activities on the island.

• Varela Project, led by Oswaldo Payá. The organization reported having collected more than 10,000 signatures for a referendum requesting freedom of the press, freedom to form political parties, and freedom to create private business. According to Amnesty International their methods were non-violent, and their philosophy was democratic.^[20] The government responded with its own petition drive to make the socialist system "untouchable", for which the government claimed 99% voter approval. Fidel Castro said that, "The revolutionary process of socialism cannot be reversed" and "Cuba will never return to capitalism".^[21]
• Yo No Coopero Con La Dictadura (English:  I Do Not Cooperate with the Dictatorship) is a civil resistance campaign.^[22]
• Ladies in White received the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought from the European Parliament in 2005.
• Christian Liberation Movement--is a group of Catholics that was founded by Oswaldo Payá
• Lawton Foundation- An organization to promote the "study, defense and denunciation of human rights inside Cuba". The group was formed by Oscar Elías Biscet.
• The Assembly to Promote Civil Society--An organization headed by Marta Beatriz Roque that coordinates the efforts of numerous other opposition groups.
• Rosa Parks Feminist Movement for Civil Rights

See also: List of political parties in Cuba

Dissidents

During the "Black Spring" in 2003, the regime imprisoned 75 dissidents, including 29 journalists.^{[23][24][25][26]} Their cases were reviewed by Amnesty International who officially adopted them as prisoners of conscience.^[27]

• Nelson Aguiar Ramírez 13 years
• Osvaldo Alfonso Valdés 18 years
• Pedro Pablo Alvarez Ramos 25 years
• Pedro Argüelles Morán 20 years
• Víctor Rolando Arroyo Carmona 26 years
• Mijail Barzaga Lugo 15 years
• Oscar Elías Biscet González 25 years
• Margarito Broche Espinosa 25 years
• Marcelo Cano Rodríguez 18 years
• Roberto de Miranda Hernández 20 years
• Carmelo Díaz Fernández 15 years
• Eduardo Díaz Fleitas 21 years
• Antonio Díaz Sánchez 20 years
• Alfredo Domínguez Batista 14 years
• Oscar Espinosa Chepe 20 years
• Alfredo Felipe Fuentes 26 years
• Efrén Fernández Fernández 12 years
• Adolfo Fernández Sainz 15 years
• José Daniel Ferrer García 25 years
• Luis Enrique Ferrer García 28 years
• Orlando Fundora Alvarez 18 years
• Próspero Gaínza Agüero 25 years
• Miguel Galván Gutiérrez 26 years
• Julio César Gálvez Rodríguez 15 years
• Edel José García Díaz 15 years
• José Luis García Paneque 24 years
• Ricardo Gonzales Alfonso 20 years
• Diosdado González Marrero 20 years
• Léster González Pentón 20 years
• Alejandro González Raga 14 years
• Jorge Luis González Tanquero 20 years
• Leonel Grave de Peralta Almenares 20 years
• Iván Hernández Carrillo 25 years
• Normando Hernández González 25 years
• Juan Carlos Herrera Acosta 20 years
• Regis Iglesias Ramírez 18 years
• José Ubaldo Izquierdo Hernandez 16 years
• Reinaldo Labrada Peña 6 years
• Librado Linares García 20 years
• Marcelo López Bañobre 15 years
• José Miguel Martínez Hernández 13 years
• Héctor Maseda Gutiérrez 20 years
• Mario Enrique Mayo Hernández 20 years
• Luis Milán Fernández 13 years
• Nelson Moliné Espino 20 years
• Angel Moya Acosta 20 years
• Jesús Mustafá Felipe 25 years
• Felix Navarro Rodríguez 25 years
• Jorge Olivera Castillo 18 years
• Pablo Pacheco Avila 20 years
• Héctor Palacios Ruíz 25 years
• Arturo Pérez de Alejo Rodríguez 20 years
• Omar Pernet Hernández 25 years
• Horacio Piña Borrego 20 years
• Fabio Prieto Llorente 20 years
• Alfredo Pulido López 14 years
• José Gabriel Ramón Castillo 20 years
• Arnaldo Ramos Lauzerique 18 years
• Blas Giraldo Reyes Rodríguez 25 years
• Raúl Rivero Castañeda 20 years
• Alexis Rodríguez Fernández 15 years
• Omar Rodríguez Saludes 27 years
• Marta Beatriz Roque Cabello 20 years
• Omar Moisés Ruiz Hernández 18 years
• Claro Sánchez Altarriba 18 years
• Ariel Sigler Amaya 20 years
• Guido Sigler Amaya 20 years
• Ricardo Enrique Silva Gual 10 years
• Fidel Suárez Cruz 20 years
• Manuel Ubals González 20 years
• Julio Antonio Valdés Guevara 20 years
• Miguel Valdés Tamayo 15 years
• Héctor Raúl Valle Hernández 12 years
• Manuel Vázquez Portal 18 years
• Antonio Augusto Villareal Acosta 15 years

To the original list of 75 prisoners of conscience resulting from the wave of arrests in spring 2003, Amnesty International added four more dissidents in January 2004. They had been arrested in the same context as the other 75 but did not receive their sentences until much later.^[28]

• Rolando Jiménez Posada 12 years
• Rafael Millet Leyva (no sentence, released after 4 years without trial)
• Miguel Sigler Amaya 26 months
• Orlando Zapata Tamayo 36 years

These prisoners have since been released in the face of international pressure. Tripartite talks between the Cuban government, the Catholic Church in Cuba and the Spanish government were initiated in spring 2010 in reaction to the controversial death of political prisoner Orlando Zapata Tamayo in February 2010 following a hunger strike amid reports of massive abuse at the hands of prison staff. These negotiations resulted in a July 2010 agreement that all remaining prisoners of the 'Group of 75' would be freed. Spain offered to receive those prisoners who would agree to be released and immediately exiled together with their families. Of the 79 prisoners of conscience 56 were still behind bars at the time of the agreement. Of the total group, 21 are still living in Cuba today whereas the others are in exile, most of them in Spain. The final two prisoners were released on 23 March 2011.^[29]

Independent Bloggers

The Foreign Policy magazine named Yoani Sánchez one of the 10 Most Influential Intellectuals of Latin America, the only woman on the list.^[30] An article in El Nuevo Herald by Ivette Leyva Martinez,^[31] speaks to the role played by Yoani Sanchez and other young people, outside the Cuban opposition and dissidence movements, in working towards a free and democractic Cuba today:

“

Amid the paralysis of the dissidence, bloggers, with Yoani Sanchez in the lead, rebel artists such as the writer Orlando Luis Pardo, and musicians such as Gorki Aguila are a promising sign of growing civic resistance to the Cuban dictatorship. And el castrismo, without doubt, has taken note. Will they succeed in sparking a popular movement, or at least consciousness of the need for democracy in Cuba? Who knows. The youngest sector of Cuban society is the one least committed to the dictatorship but at the same time the most apolitical, the one most permeated with political skepticism, escapism, and other similar 'isms.' It would seem, however, that after 50 years of dictatorship, public rejection of that regime is taking on more original and independent forms. Finally, a breeze of fresh, hopeful air.

”

On March 29, 2009, Yoani Sánchez, at Tania Bruguera's performance where a podium with an open mic was staged for people to have one minute of uncensored public speech, Sánchez was among people to publicly criticize censorship and said that "the time has come to jump over the wall of control". The government condemned the event.^[32][33]

Yoani Sánchez is under permanent surveillance by Cuba's police force, which camps outside her home.^[34]

June 2010 letter to United States Congress

On Thursday, June 10, 2010 seventy-four of Cuba's dissidents signed a letter to the United States Congress in support of a bill that would lift the U.S. travel ban for Americans wishing to visit Cuba. The signers include blogger Yoani Sanchez and hunger striker Guillermo Farinas, as well as Elizardo Sanchez, head of Cuba's most prominent human rights group and Miriam Leiva, who helped found the Damas de Blanco, or Ladies in White, a group of wives and mothers of jailed dissidents. The letter supports a bill introduced on Feb. 23 by Rep. Collin Peterson, a Minnesota Democrat, that would bar the president from prohibiting travel to Cuba or blocking transactions required to make such trips. It also would bar the White House from stopping direct transfers between U.S. and Cuban banks. The signers stated that:

"We share the opinion that the isolation of the people of Cuba benefits the most inflexible interests of its government, while any opening serves to inform and empower the Cuban people and helps to further strengthen our civil society.^[35]"

The Center for Democracy in the Americas, a Washington-based group supporting the bill, issued a press release stating that "74 of Cuba's most prominent political dissidents have endorsed the Peterson-Moran legislation to end the travel ban and expand food exports to Cuba because in their words it is good for human rights, good for alleviating hunger, and good for spreading information and showing solidarity with the Cuban people. Their letter answers every argument the pro-embargo forces use to oppose this legislation. This, itself, answers the question 'who is speaking for the Cuban people in this debate?' - those who want to send food and Americans to visit the island and stand with ordinary Cubans, or those who don't. If Cuba's best known bloggers, dissidents, hunger strikers, and other activists for human rights want this legislation enacted, what else needs be said?"^[36][37] The Center also hosts English^[38] as well as the Spanish^[39] version of the letter signed by the 74 dissidents.

Notable people

• Manuel Vázquez Portal, a poet, writer, and a journalist, received the 2003 International Press Freedom Award.
• Héctor Maseda Gutiérrez, a jailed nuclear engineer and journalist, received the 2008 International Press Freedom Award.
• Jorge Luis García Pérez (known as Antúnez) was jailed for criticizing communism and spent 17 years in jail until released in 2007. As the longest-serving jailed black dissident when he we was released, he has been referred to as Cuba's Nelson Mandela.^[40]
• Gorki Aguila
• Jose Luis Llovio-Menendez, bureaucrat, defected in 1981.
• Rafael del Pino Díaz, Brigadier General. Highest government official to have defected so far, in 1987

Hunger strikes

Pedro Luis Boitel, a poet who died on hunger strike.^[41]

On April 3, 1972, Pedro Luis Boitel, an imprisoned poet and dissident, declared himself on hunger strike. After 53 days on hunger strike without receiving medical assistance and receiving only liquids, he died of starvation on May 25, 1972. His last days were related by his close friend, poet Armando Valladares. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Cólon Cemetery in Havana.

Guillermo Fariñas did a seven-month hunger strike to protest against the extensive Internet censorship in Cuba. He ended it in Autumn 2006, with severe health problems although still conscious.^[42] Reporters Without Borders awarded its cyber-freedom prize to Guillermo Fariñas in 2006.^[43]

Jorge Luis García Pérez (known as Antúnez) has done hunger strikes. In 2009, following the end of his 17-year imprisonment, Antúnez, his wife Iris, and Diosiris Santana Pérez started a hunger strike to support other political prisoners. Leaders from Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Argentina declared their support for Antúnez.^[44][45]

Cuban exiles

Main article: Cuban exiles

More than one million Cubans of all social classes have left the island to the United States,^[46] and to Spain, The U.K., Canada, Mexico and other countries. Because leaving requires exit permit and substantial amount of money, most Cubans can never leave Cuban soil.

Dissidents are allowed to leave, but not to return. However, if a dissident returns, then he or she is forced to stay in Cuba.

Many Cuban exiles have actively campaigned for a change of government in Cuba.

See also

Cuba portal

• Cuba and democracy
• Human rights in Cuba
• Censorship in Cuba
• Darsi Ferrer Ramírez

References

1. ^ "Cuban Democracy movement"
2. ^ "Cuba". Human Rights Watch. 2006. http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Paul H. Lewis. Authoritarian regimes in Latin America. 
4. ^ Katherine Hirschfeld. Health, politics, and revolution in Cuba since 1898. 
5. ^ Ian Lumsden. Machos, Maricones, and Gays. 
6. ^ Dilip K. Das, Michael Palmiotto. World Police Encyclopedia. p. 217. 
7. ^ Ian Lumsden. Machos, Maricones, and Gays. p. 70. 
8. ^ Black Book of Communism. p. 664.
9. ^ Clifford L. Staten. The history of Cuba. 
10. ^ "10 most censored countries". http://www.cpj.org/censored/censored_06.html. 
11. ^ ^{a b c} "III. IMPEDIMENTS TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBAN LAW". Human Rights Watch. 1999. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-03.htm#P642_91747. 
12. ^ "II. CUBA'S INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-02.htm#P536_69587. 
13. ^ ^{a b c} "VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION". Human Rights Watch. 1999. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-08.htm#P1517_344135. 
14. ^ Jay Mallin. Covering Castro: rise and decline of Cuba's communist dictator. p. 175. 
15. ^ "Defiant Castro Calls Western Democracy 'Complete Garbage'". New York Times. October 14, 1991. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/world/defiant-castro-calls-western-democracy-complete-garbage.html. 
16. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Gershman, Carl; Gutierrez, Orlando (January 2009). "Ferment in civil society". Journal of Democracy 20 (Can Cuba change?): 36–54. http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Gutierrez-20-1.pdf. 
17. ^ http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]
18. ^ "CPJ's 2008 prison census: Online and in jail". Committee to Protect Journalists. http://cpj.org/reports/2008/12/cpjs-2008-prison-census-online-and-in-jail.php. 
19. ^ "Challenges to a Post-Castro Cuba". Harvard International Review. http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/website_documents/Challenges.pdf. 
20. ^ "Cuba - Massive crackdown on dissent". Amnesty International. August 28 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20061020164851/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250082003?open&of=ENG-CUB. Retrieved 2006-10-22. 
21. ^ "Cuba backs permanent socialism". BBC News. June 27, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2069057.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-22. 
22. ^ "Yo No Coopero Con La Dictadura website". http://www.nocooperacion.org/. 
23. ^ Carlos Lauria, Monica Campbell, and María Salazar (March 18, 2008). "Cuba's Long Black Spring". The Committee To Protect Journalists. http://cpj.org/reports/2008/03/cuba-press-crackdown.php. 
24. ^ "Black Spring of 2003: A former Cuban prisoner speaks". The Committee to Protect Journalists. http://cpj.org/blog/2009/03/the-black-spring-of-2003-a-former-cuban-prisoner-s.php. 
25. ^ "Three years after "black spring" the independent press refuses to remain in the dark". The Reporters Without Borders. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16771. 
26. ^ "Cuba - No surrender by independent journalists, five years on from “black spring”". The Reporters Without Borders. March 2008. http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/Cuba_report.pdf. 
27. ^ "Cuba: "Essential measures"? Human rights crackdown in the name of security". Amnesty International. 3 June 2003. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR25/017/2003/en/47840d82-d6f9-11dd-b0cc-1f0860013475/amr250172003en.html. 
28. ^ Cuba: Newly Declared Prisoners of Conscience Amnesty International, 29 January 2004
29. ^ Fecha histórica: concluye liberación de prisioneros del Grupo de los 75 In: Café Fuerte, 22 March 2011
30. ^ "Foreign Policy Espanol: Los 10 intelectuales mas influyentes de iberoamerica". http://www.fp-es.org/los-10-intelectuales-mas-influyentes-de-iberoamerica. Retrieved Feb 21 2009. 
31. ^ "El Nuevo Herald: The wall of the dissidence". http://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/columnas_de_opinion/story/390227.html. Retrieved Feb 25 2009. 
32. ^ "Cuba accuses blogger of "provocation"". Reuters. April 1, 2009. http://uk.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUKTRE5306OQ20090401. 
33. ^ "Participants in art show branded as `dissidents'". Miami Herald. April 1, 2009. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/cuba/story/978051.html. 
34. ^ "Yoani sends a thank you note to her spies". France24. http://observers.france24.com/en/content/20090217-yoani-sanchez-sends-thank-you-note-spies-cuba. 
35. ^ Cuban dissidents cheer bill to end US travel ban
36. ^ 74 of Cuba's Leading Dissidents Urge Congress to End Travel Ban and Increase Food Sales to Cuba
37. ^ 74 of Cuba’s Leading Dissidents Urge Congress to End Travel Ban and Increase Food Sales to Cuba
38. ^ English version of the letter by Cuban dissidents (PDF)
39. ^ Spanish version of the letter by Cuban dissidents (PDF)
40. ^ "Castro opponent free after 17 years in jail". Reuters. April 23, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2331960920070423. 
41. ^ "Foreword to 'Boitel Vive'". http://www.cadal.org/english/nota.asp?id_nota=1007. 
42. ^ "Guillermo Fariñas ends seven-month-old hunger strike for Internet access". Reporters Without Borders. 1 September 2006. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16397. 
43. ^ "Cyber-freedom prize for 2006 awarded to Guillermo Fariñas of Cuba". Reporters Without Borders. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20125. 
44. ^ "Additional Latin American Leaders Join in Solidarity with Antúnez". http://www.directorio.org/pressreleases/note.php?note_id=2389. 
45. ^ "Young Uruguayans Support Antúnez, Cuban Political Prisoners". http://www.directorio.org/pressreleases/note.php?note_id=2357. 
46. ^ Pedraza, Silvia 2007 Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus (Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics)) Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521687292, ISBN 978-0521687294 p. 2 and many other sections of this book

External links

General links

• International Freedom of Expression Exchange - Monitoring freedom of expression in Cuba
• Human Rights Watch - Report from Human Rights Watch about Cuba
• Letter from Cuba (Independent Press from Inside and Outside Cuba) Web site in Spanish and English with articles by Cubans inside of Cuba and outside. From San Juan, Puerto Rico
• Fidel Castro: Fervent Opposition - slideshow by Life magazine

Opposition groups

• Free Cuba Foundation - Official Web Site
• Cuban Liberty Council - Official Web Site
• US-Cuba Democracy Pac- Official Web Site
• Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) - Official Web Site
• Proyecto Varela - Official Web Site
• Movimiento Libertario Cubano - Official Web Site