- Eleusine coracana
-
Finger millet 
Finger Millet grains of mixed color. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Monocots (unranked): Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Chloridoideae Genus: Eleusine Species: E. coracana Binomial name Eleusine coracana
Gaertn.Eleusine coracana, commonly Finger millet (Marathi: नाचणी, Kannada: ರಾಗಿ, Oriya: ମାଣ୍ଡିଆ, Punjabi: ਬਾਜਰਾ, Gujarati: બાજરી, Tamil: கேழ்வரகு,Telugu: రాగి ,Amharic: ዳጉሳ Dagusa or ቶኩሶ tōkūsō), also known as African millet or Ragi is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the arid areas of Africa and Asia. E. coracana is originally native to the Ethiopian Highlands[1] and was introduced into India approximately 4,000 years ago.[citation needed] It is very adaptable to higher elevations and is grown in the Himalaya up to 2,300 metres in elevation.
Contents
Cultivation
Eleusine coracana is often intercropped with legumes such as peanuts (Arachis hypogea), cowpeas (Vigna sinensis), and pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan), or other plants such as Niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica).
Although statistics on individual millet species are confused, and are sometimes combined with sorghum, it is estimated that finger millet is grown on approximately 38,000 km2.
Finger millet
Storage
Once harvested, the seeds keep extremely well and are seldom attacked by insects or moulds. The long storage capacity makes finger millet an important crop in risk-avoidance strategies for poorer farming communities.
Nutrition
Finger millet is especially valuable as it contains the amino acid methionine, which is lacking in the diets of hundreds of millions of the poor who live on starchy staples such as cassava, plantain, polished rice, or maize meal. Finger millet can be ground and cooked into cakes, puddings or porridge. The grain is made into a fermented drink (or beer) in Nepal and in many parts of Africa. The straw from finger millet is used as animal fodder. It is also used for as a flavoured drink in festivals
Nutritive value of Ragi per 100 g
- Protein 7.3 g
- Fat 1.4 g
- Carbohydrate 72 g
- Minerals 2.7 g
- Calcium 344 mg
- Fibre 3.6 g
- Energy 328 kCal
Preparation as food
In India, finger millet (locally called ragi) is mostly grown and consumed in Rajasthan,[2] Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Maharashtra, Kumaon(Uttarakhand) and Goa.[3] Ragi flour is made into flatbreads, including thick, leavened dosa and thinner, unleavened roti. Ragi grain is malted and the grains are ground. This ground flour is consumed mixed with milk, boiled water or yoghurt.
In Andhra Pradesh Ragi Sankati (Telugu), which are ragi balls are eaten in the morning with a chilli, onions, sambar (lentil based stew)or meat curry and helps them sustain throughout the whole day.
In Karnataka, ragi flour is generally consumed in the form of ragi balls (ರಾಗಿ ಮುದ್ದೆ ragi mudde in Kannada). The mudde which is prepared by cooking the Ragi flour with water to achieve a dough like consistency. Which is then rolled into 'balls' of desired size and consumed. Ghee with Huli[disambiguation needed
], Saaru, sambar or another chicken curry is generally served along with these balls.In Orissa the tribal and Western hilly regions ragi or (ମାଣ୍ଡିଆ)Mandiaa is a staple food.The porridge and Pithas made up of ragi are more popular among village folk.
Finger millet in its commonly consumed form as a porridgeIn Maharashtra, bhakri (भाकरी in Marathi; also called ಭಕ್ರಿ bhakri in Northern Karnataka), a type of flat bread is prepared using finger millet (ragi) flour. Bhakri is called as ರಾಗಿ ರೊಟ್ಟಿ (ragi rotti in Kannada) in Karnataka. In Goa ragi is very popular and satva, pole (dosa), bhakri, ambil (a sour porridge) are very common preparations.
In Nepal, a thick dough made of millet flour (ḍhĩḍo ढिंडो) is cooked and eaten with the hand. Fermented millet is used to make a beer (jããḍ जाँड) and the mash is distilled to make a liquor (rakśi रक्शी).
In the northwest of Vietnam, finger millet is used as a medicine for women when they give birth. A minority used finger millet flour to make alcohol (bacha alcohol is a good drink of the H'mong minority).
In the Kumaon region of northern India, it is called Maddua and is traditionally fed to women after child birth. In southern parts of India, pediatricians recommend finger-millet-based food for infants of six months and above because of its high nutritional content, especially Iron and calcium. Home made Ragi malt happens to be one of the most popular infant food even to this day. In Tamil Nadu, ragi is considered to be the holy food of Amman, otherwise knowns as "Goddess Kali". Every small or large festival of this goddess is celebrated with, women making porridge in the temples and distributing it to the poor and needy. This porridge is called Kuzl which is a staple diet in farming communities alongside raw onion.
In India, Ragi recipes are hundreds in number and even common food stuffs such as dosa, idly and laddu are made out of ragi.
In Sri Lanka, Finger millet is called Kurakkan and is made into:
Kurakkan roti: An earthy brown thick roti with coconut
Thallapa: A thick dough made of ragi by boiling it with water and some salt until like a dough ball, it is then eaten with a very spicy meat cury and is usually swallowed in small balls than chewing.
Puttu: Puttu is a traditional breakfast of Kerala, usually made with Rice powder together with coconut grating and steamed in a cylindrical steamer. The preparation is also made with Ragi powder, which is supposed to be more nutritive.
Uses
A traditional food plant in Africa, millet has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.[4]
Common names for finger millet
- Arabic: Tailabon
- Chinese: 穇子 (Traditional), 䅟子 (Simplified), cǎnzi (pinyin)
- Danish: Fingerhirse
- Dhivehi: ބިންބި Binbi
- English: Finger millet, African millet, ragi, koracan
- Ethiopia: Dagussa (Amharic/Sodo), tokuso (amharic), barankiya (Oromo)
- French: eleusine cultivee, coracan, koracan
- German: Fingerhirse
- India:
- Ragi ರಾಗಿ (Kannada)
- Ragi రాగి (Telugu)
- Ragi in Hindi
- Kodra in Himachali ( Himachal Pradesh )
- Mandia (Oriya)
- Taidalu (in the Telangana region)
- Kezhvaragu (கேழ்வரகு), kay.pai (கேப்பை), Aariyam (ஆரியம்)(Tamil)
- Muthary ( Panjipul or kooravu (Malayalam)
- Maddua (Kumaon)
- Nachani नाचणी / Ragee रागी (Marathi & Gujarati)
- Nachani नाचणी / Ragee रागी (Rajasthani)
- Madua (Bihar, especially in Mithila region)
- Nasne/Nachne/Nathno नासणे/नाचणे (Konkani)
- Japan: 四国稗 シコクビエ Shikokubie
- Kenya: Wimbi (Swahili), Kal (Dholuo), Ugimbi (Kikuyu and Meru)
- Korea: 수수 (Susu)
- Nepal: कोदो Kodo
- Nigeria: Tamba (Hausa)
- Rwanda: Uburo
- Sri Lanka: කුරක්කන් குரக்கன் (Kurakkan)
- Sudan: Tailabon (Arabic), ceyut (Bari)
- Tanzania: (Swahili) Mbege, mwimbi, Wimbi, ulezi,
- Uganda: Bulo
- Vietnam: Hong mi, Chi ke
- Zambia: Kambale, lupoko, mawele, majolothi, amale, bule
- Zimbabwe: Rapoko, zviyo, njera, rukweza, mazhovole, uphoko, poho
References
- ^ A.C. D'Andrea, D.E. Lyons, Mitiku Haile, E.A. Butler, "Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to the Study of Prehistoric Agriculture in the Ethiopian Highlands" in Van der Veen, ed., The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. Kluwer Academic: Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999.
- ^ Rajasthan: by Gopal K. Bhargava, Shankarlal C. Bhatt,p 319
- ^ Ragi is one of the important crop in the Indian state of Goa
- ^ National Research Council (1996-02-14). "Finger Millet". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains. Lost Crops of Africa. 1. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04990-0. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=39. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
External links
- Rag(i)s to Riches by Vikram Doctor
- Crop Wild Relatives Gap Analysis reliable information source on where and what to conserve ex-situ, regarding Eleusine genepool
- Various Particulars of Ragi
- Ethiopian Plant Names
Categories:- Millets
- Chloridoideae
- Crops originating from Ethiopia
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