Mälaren

Mälaren
at dusk
Location	Sweden
Coordinates	59°30′N 17°12′E / 59.5°N 17.2°E / 59.5; 17.2Coordinates: 59°30′N 17°12′E / 59.5°N 17.2°E / 59.5; 17.2
Basin countries	Sweden
Surface area	1,140 km²
Average depth	13 m
Max. depth	64 m
Water volume	14 km³
Islands	Selaön, Svartsjölandet (see list)

Lake Mälaren ( Swedish pronunciation (help·info)) (historically occasionally referred to as Lake Malar in English) is the third-largest lake in Sweden, after Lakes Vänern and Vättern. Its area is 1,140 km² and its greatest depth is 64 m. Mälaren spans 120 kilometers from east to west. The lake drains, from southwest to northeast, into the Baltic Sea through Södertälje kanal, Hammarbyslussen, Karl Johanslussen and Norrström. The easternmost bay of Mälaren, in central Stockholm, is called Riddarfjärden. The lake is located in Svealand and bounded by the provinces of Uppland, Södermanland, Närke, and Västmanland. The two largest islands in Mälaren are Selaön (91 km²) and Svartsjölandet (79 km²).

The Viking age settlements Birka on the island of Björkö and Hovgården on the neighbouring island Adelsö have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993, as has Drottningholm Palace on the island of Lovön.

Etymology

Location map

The etymological origin of the name Mälaren stems from the Old Norse word mælir appearing in historical records in the 1320s and meaning gravel. The lake was previously known as Løgrinn, which is Old Norse for "The Lake", from Old Norse lögr, meaning a lake or liquid. This is etymologically similar to the aged verb löga, "to bathe", arguably related to lördag, "Saturday". ^[1][2]

Geology

Mälaren details, with Stockholm urban area to the right in pink.

By the end of the last ice age about 11,000 years ago, much of northern Europe and North America was covered by ice sheets up to 3 km thick. At the end of the ice age when the glaciers retreated, the removal of the weight from the depressed land led to a post-glacial rebound. Initially the rebound was rapid, proceeding at about 7.5 cm/year. This phase lasted for about 2,000 years, and took place as the ice was being unloaded. Once deglaciation was complete, uplift slowed to about 2.5 cm/year, and decreased exponentially after that. Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm/year or less, and studies suggest that rebound will continue for about another 10,000 years. The total uplift from the end of deglaciation can be up to 400 m.^{[citation needed]}

In Viking Age Mälaren was still a bay of the Baltic Sea, and seagoing vessels could sail up it far into the interior of Sweden. Birka was conveniently near the trade routes through Södertälje kanal. Due to the post-glacial rebound, Södertälje kanal and the mouth of Riddarfjärden bay had become so shallow by about the year 1200 that ships had to unload their cargoes near the entrances, and progressively the bay became a lake. The decline of Birka and the subsequent foundation of Stockholm at the choke point of Riddarfjärden were in part due to the post-glacial rebound changing the topography of the Mälaren basin. The lake's surface currently averages 0.7 meters above sea level.

Mythology

According to Norse mythology as contained in the thirteenth-century Icelandic work Snorra Edda, the lake was created by the goddess Gefjun when she tricked Gylfi, the Swedish king of Gylfaginning. Gylfi promised Gefjun as much land as four oxen could plough in a day and a night, but she used oxen from the land of the giants, and moreover uprooted the land and dragged it into the sea, where it became the island of Zealand. Snorra Edda says that 'the inlets in the lake correspond to the headlands in Zealand';^[3] since this is much more true of Lake Vänern, the myth was probably originally about Vänern, not Mälaren.^[4]

Geography

A selection, in alphabetical order:

Major islands	Major sections	Major cities and municipalities bordering the lake
Adelsö Aspön Björkö Ekerö Helgö Kungsholmen (Stockholm) Kurön Lilla Essingen (Stockholm) Lovö Munsö Ridön (Västmanland) Ridön (Södermanland) Selaön Stora Essingen (Stockholm) Svartsjölandet Tosterön	Galten Blacken Freden Vårbyfjärden Västeråsfjärden Granfjärden Oknöfjärden Gripsholmsfjärden Prästfjärden Björkfjärden Ekoln, Gorran & Skarven Östra Mälaren	Bålsta Hallstahammar Köping Kungsängen Kungsör Mariefred Stockholm Strängnäs Södertälje Torshälla Västerås

Ecology

The most common nesting birds on the skerries of Mälaren are also the most common in the Baltic Sea. After a survey in 2005, the ten most common species were found to be common tern, herring gull, black-headed gull, common gull, mallard, tufted duck, Canada Goose, common goldeneye, lesser black-backed gull and common sandpiper. White-tailed eagle, Greylag goose, barnacle goose, black-throated diver, red-breasted merganser and gadwall are less common, and some of these latter are endangered in the Mälaren area. Since 1994 a subspecies of great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis, nests there as well. The 2005 survey tallied 23 breeding colonies with 2178 nests, of which the largest colony had 235 nests. Most experts believe the great cormorant population has peaked and will stabilize at around 2000 nests.^[5]

One of the characteristic species is the osprey which has one of its strongest presences in lake Mälaren. The osprey nests in almost all bays of the lake.^[5]

The Zebra mussel is considered an invasive species and is causing some problems in lake Mälaren.

Trivia

• Utter Inn, an underwater hotel designed by the artist Mikael Genberg, is in the lake.
• The lake hosted the cycling events at the 1912 Summer Olympics.^[6]

See also

• Mälaren Valley (Mälardalen)
• Lakes of Sweden
• Geography of Stockholm
• Almarestäket

References

1. ^ Martin Stugart (2004-10-04). "Vad betyder namnet Mälaren?". Stockholm: Dagens Nyheter. http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?a=326458. Retrieved 2007-03-12. 
2. ^ Martin Stugart (2004-03-22). "Varifrån kommer namnet Mälaren?". Stockholm: Dagens Nyheter. http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?a=246835. Retrieved 2007-03-12. 
3. ^ Anthony Faulkes (ed. and trans), Snorri Sturluson: Edda (London: Everyman, 1987), p. 7.
4. ^ Heimir Pálsson, 'Tertium vero datur: A study of the text of DG 11 4to', p. 44 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126249.
5. ^ ^{a b} Länsstyrelsen i Stockholms län - Rapport 2006:02: Mälarens Fåglar (pdf, in Swedish)
6. ^ 1912 Summer Olympics official report. p. 224.

External links

• Mälarguiden - Guide to Mälaren (mostly in Swedish but a lot of maps and some English text)
• Strömma Kanalbolaget - Boat tours and ferries in Mälaren
• Castles around Mälaren