- Order of precedence in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
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Poland-Lithuania (hist.)
The order of precedence for members of the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was created at the same time as the Commonwealth itself – at the Lublin Sejm in 1569. The Commonwealth was a union, in existence from 1569 to 1795, of two constituent nations: the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (commonly known as Korona, or "the Crown") and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The union's legislative power was vested in a diet (assembly) known as the Sejm which consisted of the three Estates of the Sejm: the monarch, holding the titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania; the Senate; and the House of Deputies.
The order of precedence indicated where senators and deputies would sit during parliamentary sessions and in what order they cast their votes. The order was also followed at other formal occasions, such as royal coronations. The order of precedence remained almost unchanged from its inception in 1569 until the ultimate partition of Poland in 1795. The only changes were made to reflect the addition of new territories as the Commonwealth expanded eastwards during the 16th and 17th centuries. Territitorial losses incurred during Poland's decline in the second half of the 17th and throughout the 18th century had less bearing on the composition of the Sejm, as titular senators and deputies continued to sit in the parliament despite the loss of the lands they officially represented.
Contents
Senators
The Senate traced its roots to the royal privy council and consisted of individuals appointed by the king to specified senatorial offices. The senatorial offices may be divided into three types:
- ecclesiastical, that is the entire Roman Catholic episcopate (all bishops and archbishops) of the Commonwealth;
- territorial, that is voivodes, or regional governors, and castellans, or caretakers of castles;
- ministers of the royal and grand-ducal cabinets, for the Crown and for Lithuania respectively.
Arrangement of seats in the Senate, 1732
Bishops, voivodes and castellans of major cities were considered greater senators (senatorowie więksi), or chair senators (senatorowie krzesłowi) as they were entitled to sit in designated armchairs during the Senate's sessions. The remaining lesser senators (senatorowie mniejsi) were also known as bench senators (senatorowie drążkowi) as they were sitting wherever they could find a place behind the chair senators.
The Archbishop of Gniezno, Poland's first capital city until 1038, also holding the title of Primate of Poland, was the highest ranking senator who also served as an interrex (an acting king) during a vacancy of the royal throne. The Castellan of Kraków, Poland's capital until 1596, was the highest ranking secular senator. His precedence before the Voivode of Kraków dated back to a rebellion led by Voivoide Skarbimir in 1117, for which Duke Boleslaus the Wrymouth punished him by blinding and by making his office inferior to that of the local castellan.[1]
Color coding Ecclesiastical Greater territorial Lesser territorial Cabinet ministers # English title Polish title Type Rank Voivoideship Notes 1 Archbishop of Gniezno Arcybiskup gnieźnieński ecclesiastical greater Kalisz Primate of Poland; in Gniezno Voivodeship from 1768 2 Archbishop of Lviv Arcybiskup lwowski ecclesiastical greater Ruthenia 3 Bishop of Kraków Biskup krakowski ecclesiastical greater Kraków 4 Bishop of Kuyavia Biskup kujawski ecclesiastical greater Brześć Kujawski 5–6 Bishop of Vilnius Biskup wileński ecclesiastical greater Vilnius Alternating with the bishop of Poznań 5–6 Bishop of Poznań Biskup poznański ecclesiastical greater Poznań Alternating with the bishop of Vilnius 7–8 Bishop of Płock Biskup płocki ecclesiastical greater Płock Alternating with the bishop of Płock 7–8 Bishop of Warmia Biskup warmiński ecclesiastical greater Warmia Alternating with the bishop of Warmia 9 Bishop of Lutsk Biskup łucki ecclesiastical greater Volhynia 10 Bishop of Przemyśl Biskup przemyski ecclesiastical greater Ruthenia 11 Bishop of Samogitia Biskup żmudzki ecclesiastical greater Samogitia 12 Bishop of Chełmno Biskup chełmiński ecclesiastical greater Chełmno 13 Bishop of Chełm Biskup chełmski ecclesiastical greater Ruthenia 14 Bishop of Kiev Biskup kijowski ecclesiastical greater Kiev 15 Bishop of Kamianets-Podilskyi Biskup kamieniecki ecclesiastical greater Podolia 16 Bishop of Livonia Biskup inflancki ecclesiastical greater Livonia After 1677 17 Bishop of Smolensk Biskup smoleński ecclesiastical greater Smolensk 18 Castellan of Kraków Kasztelan krakowski territorial greater Kraków 19 Voivode of Kraków Wojewoda krakowski territorial greater Kraków 20 Voivode of Poznań Wojewoda poznański territorial greater Poznań 21 Voivode of Vilnius Wojewoda wileński territorial greater Vilnius 22 Voivode of Sandomierz Wojewoda sandomierski territorial greater Sandomierz 23 Castellan of Vilnius Kasztelan wileński territorial greater Vilnius 24 Voivode of Kalisz Wojewoda kaliski territorial greater Kalisz 25 Voivode of Trakai Wojewoda trocki territorial greater Trakai 26 Voivode of Sieradz Wojewoda sieradzki territorial greater Sieradz 27 Castellan of Trakai Kasztelan trocki territorial greater Trakai 28 Voivode of Łęczyca Wojewoda łęczycki territorial greater Łęczyca 29 Starosta of Samogitia Starosta żmudzki territorial greater Samogitia 30 Voivode of Brześć Kujawski Wojewoda brzesko-kujawski territorial greater Brześć Kujawski 31 Voivode of Kiev Wojewoda kijowski territorial greater Kiev 32 Voivode of Inowrocław Wojewoda inowrocławski territorial greater Inowrocław 33 Voivode of Ruthenia Wojewoda ruski territorial greater Ruthenia 34 Voivode of Volhynia Wojewoda wołyński territorial greater Volhynia 35 Voivode of Podolia Wojewoda podolski territorial greater Podolia 36 Voivode of Smolensk Wojewoda smoleński territorial greater Smoleńsk 37 Voivode of Lublin Wojewoda lubelski territorial greater Lublin 38 Voivode of Polatsk Wojewoda połocki territorial greater Polatsk 39 Voivode of Belz Wojewoda bełski territorial greater Belz 40 Voivode of Navahrudak Wojewoda nowogródzki territorial greater Navahrudak 41 Voivode of Płock Wojewoda płocki territorial greater Płock 42 Voivode of Vitsebsk Wojewoda witebski territorial greater Vitsebsk 43 Voivode of Masovia Wojewoda mazowiecki territorial greater Masovia 44 Voivode of Podlachia Wojewoda podlaski territorial greater Podlachia 45 Voivode of Rawa Mazowiecka Wojewoda rawski territorial greater Rawa Mazowiecka 46 Voivode of Brest-Litovsk Wojewoda brzesko-litewski territorial greater Brest-Litovsk 47 Voivode of Chełmno Wojewoda chełmiński territorial greater Chełmno 48 Voivode of Mstsislau Wojewoda mścisławski territorial greater Mstsislau 49 Voivode of Malbork Wojewoda malborski territorial greater Malbork 50 Voivode of Bratslav Wojewoda bracławski territorial greater Bratslav 51 Voivode of Pomerania Wojewoda pomorski territorial greater Pomerania 52 Voivode of Minsk Wojewoda miński territorial greater Minsk 53 Voivode of Livonia Wojewoda inflancki territorial greater Livonia After 1677 54 Voivode of Chernihiv Wojewoda czernihowski territorial greater Chernihiv After 1635 55 Castellan of Poznań Kasztelan poznański territorial greater Poznań 56 Castellan of Sandomierz Kasztelan sandomierski territorial greater Sandomierz 57 Castellan of Kalisz Kasztelan kaliski territorial greater Kalisz 58 Castellan of Wojnicz Kasztelan wojnicki territorial greater Kraków 59 Castellan of Gniezno Kasztelan gnieźnieński territorial greater Kalisz In Gniezno Voivodeship from 1768 60 Castellan of Sieradz Kasztelan sieradzki territorial greater Sieradz 61 Castellan of Łęczyca Kasztelan łęczycki territorial greater Łęczyca 62 Castellan of Samogitia Kasztelan żmudzki territorial greater Samogitia 63 Castellan of Brześć Kujawski Kasztelan brzesko-kujawski territorial greater Brześć Kujawski 64 Castellan of Kiev Kasztelan kijowski territorial greater Kiev 65 Castellan of Inowrocław Kasztelan inowrocławski territorial greater Inowrocław 66 Castellan of Lviv Kasztelan lwowski territorial greater Ruthenia 67 Castellan of Volhynia Kasztelan wołyński territorial greater Volhynia 68 Castellan of Kamianets-Podilskyi Kasztelan kamieniecki territorial greater Podolia 69 Castellan of Smolensk Kasztelan smoleński territorial greater Smolensk 70 Castellan of Lublin Kasztelan lubelski territorial greater Lublin 71 Castellan of Polatsk Kasztelan połocki territorial greater Polatsk 72 Castellan of Belz Kasztelan bełski territorial greater Belz 73 Castellan of Navahrudak Kasztelan nowogródzki territorial greater Navahrudak 74 Castellan of Płock Kasztelan płocki territorial greater Płock 75 Castellan of Vitsebsk Kasztelan witebski territorial greater Vitsebsk 76 Castellan of Czersk Kasztelan czerski territorial greater Masovia 77 Castellan of Podlachia Kasztelan podlaski territorial greater Podlachia 78 Castellan of Rawa Mazowiecka Kasztelan rawski territorial greater Rawa Mazowiecka 79 Castellan of Brest-Litovsk Kasztelan brzesko-litewski territorial greater Brest-Litovsk 80 Castellan of Chełmno Kasztelan chełmiński territorial greater Chełmno 81 Castellan of Mstsislau Kasztelan mścisławski territorial greater Mstsislau 82 Castellan of Elbląg Kasztelan elbląski territorial greater Malbork 83 Castellan of Bratslav Kasztelan bracławski territorial greater Bratslav 84 Castellan of Gdańsk Kasztelan gdański territorial greater Pomerania 85 Castellan of Minsk Kasztelan miński territorial greater Minsk 86 Castellan of Livonia Kasztelan inflancki territorial greater Livonia 87 Castellan of Chernihiv Kasztelan czernihowski territorial greater Chernihiv 88 Castellan of Nowy Sącz Kasztelan sądecki territorial lesser Kraków 89 Castellan of Międzyrzecz Kasztelan międzyrzecki territorial lesser Poznań 90 Castellan of Wiślica Kasztelan wiślicki territorial lesser Sandomierz 91 Castellan of Biecz Kasztelan biecki territorial lesser Kraków 92 Castellan of Rogoźno Kasztelan rogoziński territorial lesser Poznań 93 Castellan of Radom Kasztelan radomski territorial lesser Sandomierz 94 Castellan of Zawichost Kasztelan zawichojski territorial lesser Sandomierz 95 Castellan of Ląd Kasztelan lądzki territorial lesser Kalisz 96 Castellan of Śrem Kasztelan śremski territorial lesser Poznań 97 Castellan of Żarnów Kasztelan żarnowski territorial lesser Sandomierz 98 Castellan of Małogoszcz Kasztelan małogoski territorial lesser Sandomierz 99 Castellan of Wieluń Kasztelan wieluński territorial lesser Sieradz 100 Castellan of Przemyśl Kasztelan przemyski territorial lesser Ruthenia 101 Castellan of Halych Kasztelan halicki territorial lesser Ruthenia 102 Castellan of Sanok Kasztelan sanocki territorial lesser Ruthenia 103 Castellan of Chełm Kasztelan chełmski territorial lesser Ruthenia 104 Castellan of Dobrzyń Kasztelan dobrzyński territorial lesser Brześć Kujawski 105 Castellan of Połaniec Kasztelan połaniecki territorial lesser Sandomierz 106 Castellan of Przemęt Kasztelan przemęcki territorial lesser Poznań 107 Castellan of Krzywiń Kasztelan krzywiński territorial lesser Poznań 108 Castellan of Czchów Kasztelan czchowski territorial lesser Sandomierz 109 Castellan of Nakło nad Notecią Kasztelan nakielski territorial lesser Kalisz In Gniezno Voivodeship from 1768 110 Castellan of Rozprza Kasztelan rospierski territorial lesser Sieradz 111 Castellan of Biechów Kasztelan biechowski territorial lesser Kalisz 112 Castellan of Bydgoszcz Kasztelan bydgoski territorial lesser Inowrocław 113 Castellan of Brzeziny Kasztelan brzeziński territorial lesser Łęczyca 114 Castellan of Kruszwica Kasztelan kruszwicki territorial lesser Brześć Kujawski 115 Castellan of Oświęcim Kasztelan oświęcimski territorial lesser Kraków 116 Castellan of Kamieńsk Kasztelan kamieński territorial lesser Kalisz In Gniezno Voivodeship from 1768 117 Castellan of Spycimierz Kasztelan spycimierski territorial lesser Sieradz 118 Castellan of Inowłódz Kasztelan inowłodzki territorial lesser Łęczyca 119 Castellan of Kowal Kasztelan kowalski territorial lesser Łęczyca 120 Castellan of Santok Kasztelan santocki territorial lesser Poznań 121 Castellan of Sochaczew Kasztelan sochaczewski territorial lesser Rawa Mazowiecka 122 Castellan of Warsaw Kasztelan warszawski territorial lesser Masovia 123 Castellan of Gostynin Kasztelan gostyński territorial lesser Rawa Mazowiecka 124 Castellan of Wizna Kasztelan wiski territorial lesser Masovia 125 Castellan of Raciąż Kasztelan raciąski territorial lesser Płock 126 Castellan of Sierpc Kasztelan sierpski territorial lesser Płock 127 Castellan of Wyszogród Kasztelan wyszogrodzki territorial lesser Masovia 128 Castellan of Rypin Kasztelan rypiński territorial lesser Brześć Kujawski 129 Castellan of Zakroczym Kasztelan zakroczymski territorial lesser Masovia 130 Castellan of Ciechanów Kasztelan ciechanowski territorial lesser Masovia 131 Castellan of Liw Kasztelan liwski territorial lesser Masovia 132 Castellan of Lipno Kasztelan lipnowski territorial lesser Brześć Kujawski 133 Castellan of Lubaczów Kasztelan lubaczowski territorial lesser Belz 134 Equerry castellan of the Sieradz Voivodeship Kasztelan konarski z woj. sieradzkiego territorial lesser Sieradz 135 Equerry castellan of the Łęczyca Voivodeship Kasztelan konarski z woj. łęczyckiego territorial lesser Łęczyca 136 Equerry castellan of the Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship Kasztelan konarski z woj. brzesko-kujawskiego territorial lesser Brześć Kujawski 137 Grand Marshal of the Crown Marszałek wielki koronny cabinet lesser 138 Grand Marshal of Lithuania Marszałek wielki litewski cabinet lesser 139 Grand Chancellor of the Crown Kanclerz wielki koronny cabinet lesser 140 Grand Chancellor of Lithuania Kanclerz wielki litewski cabinet lesser 141 Under-Chancellor of the Crown Podkanclerzy koronny cabinet lesser 142 Under-Chancellor of Lithuania Podkanclerzy litewski cabinet lesser 143 Treasurer of the Crown Podskarbi koronny cabinet lesser 144 Treasurer of Lithuania Podskarbi litewski cabinet lesser 145 Court Marshal of the Crown Marszałek nadworny koronny cabinet lesser 146 Court Marshal of Lithuania Marszałek nadworny litewski cabinet lesser Deputies
The Sejm in session, 1622Deputies elected in local sejmiks.
See also
- Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- Polish order of precedence
References
- ^ (Polish) "Kasztelan". Encyklopedja Staro-polska. III. Piotr Laskauer i S-ka. 1902.
- (Polish) Gloger, Zygmunt (1903). Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. Kraków: Spółka Wydawnicza Polska. http://univ.gda.pl/~literat/glogre/index.htm.
- (Polish) Koneczny, Feliks (1924). Dzieje administracji w Polsce w zarysie. Vilnius: Okręgowa Szkoła Policji Państwowej Ziemi Wileńskiej. ISBN 83-87809-20-9. http://www.nonpossumus.pl/biblioteka/feliks_koneczny/adm/III_2.php.
Categories:- History of Belarus (1569–1795)
- History of Lithuania (1569–1795)
- Orders of precedence
- Polish titles
- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
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