Sanok

Infobox Settlement
name = Sanok
motto = Libera Regia Civitas
Free Royal City

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imagesize = 250px
image_caption = Town view
image_shield = POL Sanok COA.svg
pushpin_

pushpin_label_position = bottom
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = POL
subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship
subdivision_name1 = Subcarpathian
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Sanok County
subdivision_type3 = Gmina
subdivision_name3 = Sanok (urban gmina)
leader_title = Mayor
leader_name = Wojciech Blecharczyk
established_title = Established
established_date = before 12th century
established_title3 = Town rights
established_date3 = 1339
area_total_km2 = 38.15
population_as_of = 2006
population_total = 39481
population_density_km2 = auto
timezone = CET
utc_offset = +1
timezone_DST = CEST
utc_offset_DST = +2
latd = 49 | latm = 33 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 22 | longm = 13 | longs = | longEW = E
postal_code_type = Postal code
postal_code = 38-500
area_code = +48 13
blank_name = Car plates
blank_info = RSA
twin1 = Cestas
twin1_country = flag|France
twin2 = Fürstenwalde
twin2_country = flag|Germany
twin3 = Reinheim
twin3_country = flag|Germany
twin4 = Gyöngyös
twin4_country = flag|Hungary
twin5 = Östersund
twin5_country = flag|Sweden
twin6 = Humenné
twin6_country = flag|Slovakia
website = http://www.sanok.pl Sanok [IPA-pl|'|s|a|n|o|k] (Latin: "Sanocum", German: "Saanig", Yiddish: "Sonik", Ukrainian: "Сянiк", in full The Royal Free City of Sanok, Polish: "Królewskie Wolne Miasto Sanok"), part of "The Land of Sanok" (Polish: "Ziemia Sanocka", and Ruthenian Voivodeship), is a town in south-eastern Poland with 41,261 inhabitants (2005).

Sanok is situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (since 1999); previously, it was in Krosno Voivodship (1975-1998) and in Ruthenian Voivodeship (1340 - 1772), which was part of the Little Poland Province.

This historic city is situated on the San River at the foot of Castle Hill in Little Poland (Małopolska) region. It lies in a wooded, hilly area near the national road number 28, which goes along southern Poland, from Ustrzyki Dolne to Wadowice (340 km. away). It is located in the heartland of the Pogórze Bukowskie part of Doły (Pits), and its average altitude is 300 metres above sea level, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city.

Archeology

Settled in prehistoric times, the south-eastern Poland region that is now Podkarpacie was overrun in pre-Roman times by various tribes, including the Celts (Anarti), Goths and Vandals (Przeworsk culture and Puchov culture). After the fall of the Roman Empire, of which most of south-eastern Poland was part (all parts below the San), the area was invaded by Hungarians and Slavs.

The region subsequently became part of the Great Moravian state. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, the Lendians of the area declared their allegiance to Hungarian Empire. The region then became a site of contention between Poland, Kievan Rus and Hungary starting in at least the 9th century.

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left|thumb|Map of Great Moravia at its possible greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I (871-894), superimposed on the modern borders of European states."Note that some of the borders of Great Moravia are under debate."

The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Sanok date back to at least 9th century. The following century a Slavic fortified town was created there and initially served as a center of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear, though most scholars derive it from the Celtic root - "San".

History

In 981 the gord, then inhabited by the Slavic tribe of Lendzians, was made a part of Land of Czerwień. This area was mentioned for the first time in 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took the area over on the way into Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, 1031 back to Rus, in 1340 Casimir III of Poland recovered it. The gord of Sanok in mentioned first time in Hypatian Codex in 1150. It was given the Magdeburg law by Boleslaus George II of Halych in 1339 [ [http://dziedzictwo.polska.pl/gal/118/150/15/big.jpgCity privilege in latein [in:] Digitalbibliothek of AGAD, Nr 7226.] ] .

It can be found in a Ruthenian chronicle Hypatian Codex, where at the date of 1150 one can read: "The Hungarian King Géza II of Hungary crossed the mountains and seized the stronghold of Sanok with its governor as well as many villages in Przemyśl area". The same chronicle refers to Sanok two more times, informing, that in 1205 it was the meeting place of a Ruthenian princess Anna with a Hungarian king and that in 1231 a Ruthenian prince made an expedition to "Sanok - "Hungarian Gate".Certain archaeological excavations performed on the castle hill and on "Fajka hill" near Sanok-Trepcza, not only confirm the written resources, but date the Sanok stronghold origin to as early as the 9th century. On Fajka hill, where probably the first settlement of Sanok was situated, some remains of an ancient sanctuary and a cemetery were found, as well as numerous decorations and encolpions in Kievan type. Also two stamps of the Great Kievan Prince Rurik Rostislavich from the second half of the 12th century were found. After 1339 Galicia-Volhynia was seized by King Casimir III of Poland, who reconfirmed the municipal privilege of Sanok on the 25 April 1366. At that time Sanok became the centre of a new administration district called Sanok Land which was a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Several courts of justice operated in the town, including the municipal and rural courts of lower instance and also the higher instance court for the entire Sanok land, based on the German town law.

As early at the 17th century, an important trade route went across Sanok connecting the interior of Hungary with Poland through the Lupkov Pass. During World War I, the Russians came to the town in May of 1915 and stayed there until July, leaving the town significantly damaged.

Sanok contains an open air museum in the Biała Góra district, where examples of architecture from all of the region's main ethnic groups have been moved and carefully reassembled in a skansen evoking everyday rural life in the 1800s. Nearby stands Holy Ghost Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1786-1947) presently, the tserkva of the orthodox cathedral of the Holy Trinity.:* Ius supremum magdeburgense castri sanocensis

Economy

It is a strong industry base - home to Stomil Sanok [ [http://www.stomilsanok.com.pl/ukabout_orgakc.xml Rubber Factor Stomil Sanok] ] (established in 1932) and Pass Gummiwerke plants, producers of various rubber and metal-rubber seals, strings and laggings for automotive sector, construction industries and electrical household goods sector, PGNiG [ [http://www.nafta-gaz.sanok.pl/index.php/en/] PGNiG S.A. Branch in Sanok is a forerunner of underground gas storing in Poland and currently is operating four underground gas storages of total working capacity of 705 MM standard cu.m.] and Sanok Bus Car Factory "Autosan" [ [http://www.autosan.com.pl/index.php?go=historia&menu=1 Sanok Bus Car Factory] ] (established in 1832), a producer of high capacity buses, cabins for the Polish Army and bodies for rail-vehicles . Stomil and Autosan is a 20 minute walk from the train station in Sanok, while the city centre is a 15 minute walk in the other direction.

Culture and education

The town has several schools and a branch of the Polish High School of Technology. The town also has a football club Stal Sanok and some other sport clubs (volleyball, swimming, handball, ice hockey).

port

* KH Sanok hockeyclub [ [http://www.sanok.hokej.sport24.pl/ KH Sanok (pl)] ]

Personalities from Sanok

*Mikołaj Kamieniecki,
*Jerzy Mniszech,
*Andrzej Bobola,
*Meir Shapiro,
*Shlomo Halberstam,
*Zygmunt Łempicki,
*Kazimierz Świtalski,
*Jan Grodek
*Jacob Avigdor,
*Stepan Popel,
*Justin Fanok,
*Zdzisław Beksiński,
*Tomasz Beksiński,
*Ryszard Pacławski,
*Szymon Pawłowski,
*Zdzisław Peszkowski
*Adam Fastnacht
*Josef Herzig

Members of Parliament elected from Sanok constituency, 2007

*Piotr Babinetz (PiS),
*Jan Bury (PiS),
*Andrzej Ćwierz (PiS),
*Stanisław Zając (PIS),
*Marek Kuchciński (PIS),
*Mieczysław Golba (PIS),
*Wojciech Pomajda (LiD),
*Elżbieta Łukacijewska (PO),
*Tomasz Kulesza (PO),
*Piotr Tomański (PO),
*Mieczysław Kasprzak (PSL)

Demographics

In 1900 the town had 6123 inhabitants, 57% Polish, 30 % Jewish and others. The town had a high percentage of Jews before World War II.;PopulationIn 1589 - 1700, 1883 - 5.181, 1939 - 15.600, 2000 - 41 401 inhabitants.;Ethnic Groups
*Poles

External links

* [http://www.sanok.pl/ Królewskie Wolne Miasto Sanok, official website]
* [http://esanok.pl/camera.html webcam] Time zone :
UTC+1/SummerUTC+2

See also

* The Petroleum Trail International Tourist Trail Poland
* Sanok Open Air Museum

* List of towns with German town law