Mazyr

Mazyr Мазыр Мозырь
Seal
Mazyr
Coordinates: 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.05°N 29.25°E / 52.05; 29.25
Country	Belarus
Voblast	Homiel Voblast
Mentioned	1155
Population (2009)
- Total	112,500
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Area code(s)	+375 2351
Website	www.mymozyr.info

Mazyr, also Mozyr (Belarusian: Мазы́р, pronounced [maˈzɨr]; Polish: Mozyrz; Russian: Мо́зырь, pronounced [ˈmozɨrʲ]) is a city in the Homiel Province of Belarus on the Pripyat River about 210 km east of Pinsk and 100 km northwest of Chernobyl and is located at approximately 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.05°N 29.25°E / 52.05; 29.25. The population is 111,770 (2004 estimate). The total urban area including Kalinkavičy across the river has a population of 150,000. Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining, machine building, and food processing in Belarus. It is home to one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus, pumping out 18 million metric tons per year. The Druzhba pipeline carries crude oil from Russia splitting in two at Mazyr. One pipeline branch is directed into Poland and the other one to Ukraine.

The right bank of the Pripyat River, where the city is located, is elevated above the left bank at substantial heights (up to 80 m). The overfall of surface of that scale is assumed to be a consequence of a glaciation: the Pripyat River is running right along the edge where an ancient glacier was located. Since both banks of the river are sandy, the right bank is cut through by a number of great ravines (more than 2.5 km length, up to 200 m width). The city is also located on the ravines, so its streets look much like streets of a mountain town. One of the ravines is proclaimed a reserve. Some of the nearby ravines are currently also equipped with ski lifts and transformed into skiing winter resorts.

St. Michael's church and a former monastery of Cistercians in Mazyr

Mazyr once had a sizable Jewish population. During World War II, many Jews were executed by the Nazis in Mazyr. There are several memorials devoted to this in the modern city. As with other Soviet cities, during approximately the last 15 years of the Communist control, a large proportion of the remaining Jews have relocated abroad, mostly to Israel and USA.

In 1986, the city suffered from heavy radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident.

History

Mazyr is one of the oldest cities of historical Ruthenia. First mentioned in mid-12th century as part of Duchy of Vladimir, and then the Duchy of Kiev. In 13th century it was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Initially a small settlement, in 15th century it was donated to Duke Michał Gliński, who converted it into a town. The city received town rights (Magdeburg Law) first from king Stefan Batory in 1577 and then from king Sigismund III of Poland in 1609. Despite having been destroyed by Russian forces twice (in 1525 and 1654), the city continued to grow and following the Union of Lublin it became a major administrative and trade centre, as well as a seat of a powiat ("county" office and court). Between 1723 and 1726 the Jesuits created a school in Mozyr under auspice of the Academy of Vilna. Following the suppression of the order in 1773 the school was secularised and continued to exist as a gymnasium. Among its most famous graduates are Edward Piekarski (linguist) and Władysław Mazurkiewicz (physician).

In 1793, following the Partitions of Poland, the town was annexed by Russia and its town rights were again confirmed in 1795. In 19th century the town grew rapidly, mostly because of the Russian Pale of Settlement policy that allowed Jews to settle only in the lands once held by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Because of that Mozyr grew to over 10 thousand inhabitants by the end of the century, most of them Jewish.

During the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 the town was captured by the Polish Army in the so-called Mozyr Operation. Polish 9th Infantry Division captured the city in a swift and daring manoeuvre that earned its commanding officer, Col. Władysław Sikorski (later Prime Minister of Poland) a promotion to general. In the course of the war the town was briefly recaptured by the Bolshevists, but in the aftermath of the battle of Warsaw it was again recaptured by the Polish forces of Gen. Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz, who proclaimed a short-lived Belarusian People's Republic on November 12, 1920. However, in the Riga Peace Treaty it was assigned to Bolshevist Russia and became part of the Belarussian SSR. Since 1938 the town was a seat of Polesie region, however in 1954 it lost that status and was administratively attached to the region of Homyel.

Population

Year	Jewish population	Total Population	% Jewish	Notes
1897	5631	8076	69.73%	Russian Census of 1897
1927	~6000	14300	42%	Soviet Census of 1927[1]
1939	6307	17500	36.04%	Jewish population just before World War II[2]
1970	4300	48000	8.96%	Soviet Census of 1970. Population fell due to Holocaust and migration to bigger cities as Minsk, Moscow and Leningrad after WWII [3]
1979	3600	105882	3.40%	Soviet Census of 1979. Jewish population fell due to Emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel and USA[3]
1989	3200	128000	2.50%	Soviet Census of 1989. Jewish population fell due to Emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel and USA[3]
1999	565	114000	0.50%	Jewish population fell due to Emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel and USA[3]
2004	<500	111500	0.45%

Educational Center

• I.P. Shamyakin State Pedagogical Institute
• State Politehnikum(Technical Colledge)
• Medical Colledge
• Music Colledge
• Art School
• State Litsey
• Gomel State School of Olimpic Reserve

Controversy and "Katzmanaft"

In 2008 patients of the Mazyr mental hospital were spotted on camera playing a game of Russian roulette in the yard. One patient was killed, causing a lot of controversy about how they were able to access the gun. Police investigation resulted in uncovering one of the biggest in history network of arms dealers founded in 1995 by Viktor Bout. The dealers posed as mentally disabled and therefore could hardly be suspected in any criminal activity, and even if uncovered, could not be legally responsible or brought to court due to mental disability. One of the major weaknesses of the organization, known as "Katzmanaft", is that some members, while posing as being demented, are affected psychologically which results in the incidents such as happened in Mazyr mental hospital. Security guards were then questioned about the incident, but were not charged. It is also believed that the mental home is haunted and the local council is planning on closing it down.

International Festival 'Hey, Rocknem!'

Mozyr is a capital of a modern rock music of Gomel region, where since 2003 International Festival of Music is taking place. Among sponsors of the Festival are Oil Refining Plant,beer brewery 'Речицкое пиво', multimedia company 'Fotolux' and Minsk newspaper 'Znamya Yunosti' (Russian:Знамя Юности). Up to forty rock bands take stage in what become major cultural event. Local band Otrazhenie (Reflection), a pioneer and a leader of Belorussian Hard Rock is a constant participant and a contributor to the festival.

Notable residents

• George de Mohrenschildt- geologist and friend of Lee Harvey Oswald
• Isaac Don Levine was born there

External links

• Satellite photo of Mazyr (from Google Maps). Ravines can be seen very clearly.
• Mazyr town at Radzima.org
• FC Slavia-Mozyr Official Site - www.slaviya.info
• FC Slavia - www.slavia-mozyr.com
• Сайт горада Мазыр
• Cities of Belarus:Mozyr
• International Festival 'Hey, Rocknem!'

Notes

1. ^ Belarys.by site about Mozyr [1]
2. ^ Jewishgen.org Gettos of Gomel district [2]
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus.[3]

Coordinates: 52°03′N 29°16′E / 52.05°N 29.267°E / 52.05; 29.267