Minority-majority state

US states and districts in which non-Hispanic whites are a minority.

Majority-minority (alternatively, minority-majority) is a term used to describe a U.S. state or other jurisdiction whose racial composition is less than 50% white. 'White' in this context means Non-Hispanic Whites. Racial data are derived from self-identification questions on the census and census bureau estimates. (See Race in the United States Census).

• Four states are majority-minority as of 2010: Hawaii (which is the only state that has never had a white majority), New Mexico, California, and Texas.^[1]
• The percentage of non-Hispanic white residents has fallen below 60% in Maryland, Georgia, Nevada, Florida, Arizona, New York, New Jersey, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The District of Columbia reached a majority black status during the latter stages of the Great Migration.
• All populated United States territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa) are majority-minority areas.
• 13 of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. are majority-minority. An additional 7 have a non-hispanic white population below 60%. So half of the top 40 metros have a white population below 60%.
• As of 2008, 10% of U.S. counties are now majority-minority. Another 7% are near the tipping point and are predicted to become majority-minority soon.^[2]

History

From colonial times to the early 20th century, much of the Lowland South had a black majority. Three Southern states had populations that were majority black. They were Louisiana (until the 1890s^[3]), South Carolina (from c.1708 until the 1920s^[4]) and Mississippi (until the 1930s^[5]). In the same period, close to but just below the 50% level of black populations were Georgia, Alabama and Florida,^[6] while several other Southern states had black populations approaching or exceeding 40%.

These states changed markedly from the 1890s through the 1950s, as two waves of the Great Migration led more than 6.5 million blacks to abandon the economically depressed Deep South in search of better job opportunities and living conditions, first in Northern and Midwestern industrial cities, and later west to California. One-fifth of Florida's black population had left the state by 1940, for instance.^[7] During the last 30 years of the 20th century into the 21st century, scholars have documented a reverse New Great Migration of blacks back to southern states, but typically those of the New South, which have the best jobs and developing economies.^[8]

The District of Columbia, one of the magnets for Great Migration blacks, was long the sole majority-minority federal jurisdiction in the continental U.S. The black proportion has declined since the 1990s due to gentrification and expanding opportunities, with many blacks moving to suburban Maryland and others migrating to jobs in states of the New South in a reverse of the Great Migration.^[8]

Since 1965, foreign immigration has spurred the proliferation of majority-minority areas, most notably in California,^[9] whose legal resident population was 89.5% 'non-Hispanic white' in the 1940s, but was estimated at 43.1% 'non-Hispanic white' in 2005 (56.9% otherwise).

Data collection

The first data for New Mexico was a 5% sample in 1940 which estimated non-Hispanic whites at 50.9%.^[10] Hispanics do not constitute a race but a cultural group: Of respondents who listed Hispanic origin, some listed White race, roughly half gave responses tabulated under "Some other race" (e.g. giving a national origin such as "Mexican" or a designation such as "Mestizo" as race), and much smaller numbers listed Black, Native American, or Asian race.

In recent U.S. censuses, self-identification has been the primary way to identify race. Presumption of race based on countries or regions given in the ancestry question is used only when a respondent has answered the ancestry question but not the race question. The U.S. Census currently defines "white people" very broadly as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa,^[11] i.e. Caucasoids. This definition has changed through the years.

Although the Census attempts to enumerate both citizens and non-citizens, the illegal immigrant population of the United States has proven hard to quantify; the census uses a 12 million base estimate nationally. However, current estimates based on national surveys, administrative data and other sources of information indicate that the current population may range as high as 20 to 30 million.^[12]

Maps and graphs

Area	White (all)	Non-Hispanic White	Asian American	African American	Hispanic or Latino American	Native American	Native Hawaiian	Two or more races
California	57.6%	40.1%	13.0%	6.2%	37.6%	1.0%	0.4%	4.9%
Hawaii	24.7%	22.7%	38.6%	1.6%	8.9%	0.3%	10.0%	23.6%
New Mexico	68.4%	40.5%	1.4%	2.1%	46.3%	9.4%	0.1%	3.7%
Texas	70.4%	45.3%	3.8%	11.8%	37.6%	0.7%	0.1%	2.7%
District of Columbia	38.5%	34.8%	3.5%	50.7%	9.1%	0.3%	0.1%	2.9%
United States	72.4%	63.7%	4.8%	12.6%	16.3%	0.9%	0.2%	2.9%

SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005

Other uses

See also: Religion in the United States and Hawaii#Religion

The term majority-minority state almost always refers to ethnic/racial minorities, but it may also refer to other criteria, such as religion, disability, or age. For example, the majority of Utah residents are Mormons, a Christian denomination that is a religious minority throughout the rest of the United States. Utah and Rhode Island, which has a Roman Catholic majority, are the only states in the U.S. where a single denomination constitutes a majority of the population. However, no U.S. state has a majority composed of any non-Christian group, except for Hawaii, where 51.1% of the population follow religions that would be non-mainstream in the rest of the United States. Hawaii is classified as religious majority of Unaffiliated, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, the Irreligious, and Secularists (non-practicing).

International use of the term "majority-minority"

While the concept exists in other nations, the exact term differs from place to place and language to language.

In many large, contiguous countries like Russia or China, there are many autonomous regions where a minority population is the majority. These regions are generally the result of historical population distributions, not because of recent immigration. Here the term "majority-minority" is rarely encountered.

Anglosphere countries

• Canada: The French linguistic minority is the majority in the province of Quebec, and has been since before Canadian Confederation. Racial or "visible minorities" (as they are known in Canada) are expected to become majorities in a few Canadian cities (Toronto and Vancouver) by 2030,^[13] the province of Saskatchewan is expected to have an Aboriginal majority by 2050.^[14]

• United Kingdom: Leicester is set to soon become the UK's first ethnic minority-majority city. Indians make up by far the largest ethnic group besides the White British ethnic group who constitute 57.5% of the population. The White population stands at 61.3% of the population if all White categories are included (White Irish and White Other).^[15] At 25.0% of the local population in 2007, Leicester has one of the highest percentages of Indians per head of the population of any local authority in the UK.^[16] Birmingham is also set to become a minority White British city.^[17] The city has the largest Pakistani population outside of Pakistan and is growing at a fast pace, and one of the largest South Asian populations in the whole of the UK. According to 2007 estimates, the South Asian population of Birmingham City is 21.0% and the White British population is 62.1%. The White population stands at 66.7% if all other White categories are included (White Irish and White Other).^[18]

France

• France: minorities are the majority in several banlieues (suburban housing projects).

Brazil

Brazil has officially become a majority "non-White" country as of the 2010 Census.^[19] Those identifying as White declined to 48 percent in 2010 Census from 53 percent in 2000.^[19] However, in Brazil this is not simply a matter of origin and birthrate, but identity changes as well.

References

1. ^ "Minority population surging in Texas". msnbc.com. Associated Press. August 18, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8902484/. Retrieved December 7, 2009. 
2. ^ Kelvin Pollard and Mark Mather, "10% of U.S. Counties Now 'Majority-Minority'", Population Research Bureau, 2008
3. ^ Louisiana - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990
4. ^ South Carolina - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990
5. ^ Mississippi - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990
6. ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States
7. ^ Maxine D. Rogers, et al., Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923, December 1993, p.5[1], 28 Mar 2008
8. ^ ^{a b} William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965-2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp.1-5 [2], accessed 19 Mar 2008
9. ^ http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab19.xls Census racial data for California [Excel]
10. ^ New Mexico - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990
11. ^ http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf The White Population: 2000], Census 2000 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001.
12. ^ Brad Knickerbocker (May 16, 2006). "Illegal immigrants in the US: How many are there?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.html. 
13. ^ http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/31164/
14. ^ http://www.uregina.ca/sipp/documents/pdf/Dr.%20Howe's%20Paper.pdf
15. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester
16. ^ http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613683858&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812
17. ^ http://www.bnp.org.uk/news/birmingham-will-be-minority-british-even-zero-immigration
18. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham
19. ^ ^{a b} http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/05/23/2231323/for-the-first-time-blacks-outnumber.html

External links

• U.S. Census demographic estimates
• 10% of U.S. Counties Now 'Majority-Minority'