- Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
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Detroit River
International Wildlife RefugeIUCN Category Ib (Wilderness Area)
North Maumee Bay Archeological DistrictLocation within United States Location Detroit River / West Lake Erie Coordinates 42°13′N 83°08′W / 42.217°N 83.133°WCoordinates: 42°13′N 83°08′W / 42.217°N 83.133°W Area 7.88 mi2 (20.42 km2) Established December 21, 2001 Governing body U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Canadian Wildlife ServiceOfficial website The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife refuge in North America.[1] It was established in 2001 and is managed jointly by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service. The refuge is located along the western coast of Lake Erie and much of the southern portion of the Detroit River. It currently occupies 7.88 mi2 (20.42 km2) of scattered property but has drawn boundaries for further expansion.[2]
The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge consists primarily of coastal wetlands, several islands in the Detroit River, and waterfront parks. It also includes Humbug Marsh, a wetland in Gibraltar and Trenton in southeastern Wayne County, which is classified as a wetland of international importance.
Contents
History
Much of the land surrounding the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, heavily industrialized. This has resulted in excessive water pollution from the unregulated dumping of chemicals and industrial waste for many decades. Much of the garbage and sewage from Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were heavily polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Large quantities of this pollution collected around the mouth of the Detroit River at Lake Erie. The pollutants were so high after the spring thaw that thousands of migrating birds were killed by oil slicks and contaminated water every year. Oxygen levels in the river were depleted to the point where fish were unable to inhabit its waters. Because much of this pollution drained into and affected Lake Erie, portions of the lake itself were considered “dead” and unable to support aquatic life. Swimming in the water or consuming any of its remaining fish were considered health risks.[3][4]
In 1961, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was founded by congressional order thanks in part to Michigan politician John Lesinski, Jr., who was Michigan's 16th congressional district representative from 1951–1965. The refuge paved the way for tighter restrictions on industries and allocated much needed government funding to clean up the river. However, there was little support from Detroit businesses toward cleaning up the river, because it would negatively affect Detroit's industrialism and economy. In 1970, the entire fishing industry in the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie had to be temporarily closed due to toxic levels of mercury found in the water. This caused the fishing industry and all those related to lose substantial amounts of money. This, in turn, spurred a massive conservation effort aimed at cleaning up the Detroit River.[3] For years before, conservation efforts were halted by the enormous multi-million dollar cost of removing pollutants from the river. In addition to that, industries, which had significant political influence, detested the regulations necessary to lessen the amount of pollutants in the river.[4] The Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was very small though and only occupied the area surrounding Grassy Island, and the refuge's existence could not prevent Grassy Island from becoming highly contaminated from toxic soil dredged from the nearby River Rouge.[5]
In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was absorbed into the much larger Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, which was largely advocated by veteran Michigan representative John Dingell.[6] The refuge was officially signed into law as the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge Establishment Act (H.R. 1230) by President George W. Bush on December 21, 2001.[7][8] The Congressional Budget Office originally estimated that the creation of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge would cost between $13–21 million over the first five years, in which the majority of the money spent would be through land acquisitions.[8]
Millions of dollars so far have been used for land acquisitions and to improve the environment around the river. The recent cleaning up and restoration of the Detroit River is remarkable, although other problems are still at hand.[3] Today, many species of native animals — some endangered species — are returning to the area after being driven out by human development. The Detroit River is home to a growing number of bird species, such as eagles (including reintroduced bald eagles), ospreys, and peregrine falcons. Fish species in abundance in the area include lake whitefish, sturgeon, salmon, perch, and walleye. Numerous mammal species also occupy the coastline throughout the refuge. The area serves as a vital migratory route and resting place for countless species of birds.[4] Over 30 species of waterfowl, 17 species of raptors, 31 species of shorebirds, 160 species of songbirds, and 117 species of fish live along or regularly migrate through the Detroit River.[6]
Current area
At its inception, the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge included only areas that were part of the former Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge. This included only 304 acres (123 ha) surrounding Grassy Island and Mamajuda Island just north of Grosse Ile in the Detroit River. Soon after, Mud Island just north of Grassy Island was donated to the refuge by the National Steel Corporation. The refuge continued to expand through land acquisitions to include Calf Island in 2002. In 2003, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service stuck a cooperative agreement with DTE Energy to include portions of their properties into the refuge, including the Lagoona Beach Unit and Brancheau Unit of the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station. This was the refuge's first expansion into Monroe County along the coast of Lake Erie. Other areas in Lake Erie extending as far south as the Michigan–Ohio border were eventually included into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. Many of these lands were through cooperative management acquisitions, where the property would be included into the refuge but not owned directly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
In 2004, the refuge grew to include Humbug Marsh, which is located in Gibraltar and Trenton and also includes Hamburg Island. At the same time, the refuge acquired the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Strong Unit just north of Estral Beach. In 2005, the refuge acquired joint management over the 243-acre (98 ha) Eagle Island Marsh in Monroe, Michigan. This land is located at the mouth of the River Raisin in between the Monroe Power Plant and Sterling State Park. This section, which was once very polluted, is owned by Automotive Components Holdings and is the location of a large Ford factory. In 2006, the refuge grew to include the 780-acre (315 ha) Lake Erie Metropark in Brownstown Charter Township. With the acquisition of the Erie Marsh in 2006, the refuge doubled its size to include the southern wetlands of Erie Township near the Ohio border, including Gard Island in the North Maumee Bay Archeological District. This was a major milestone for the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge.[9] The refuge grew from its original 304 acres (123 ha) in 2001 to 5,047 acres (2,042 ha) by 2007.[2] The last of these acquisitions was an area referred to as Howard Fix at 65 acres (26 ha). It is located near the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, but little has been published about this property.[10]
The headquarters of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge are located in Grosse Ile Township, which itself is not officially listed as part of the refuge. In Canada, the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge does not have any formal boundaries, and no Canadian portions of the Detroit River or Lake Erie are officially included into the current refuge.[11] All properties and potential future land acquisition sites are within the United States and governed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Proposed expansion
While the current boundaries of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge encompass only 7.88 mi2 (20.42 km2) of property scattered along the west coast of the Detroit River and Lake Erie, the Department of the Interior has approved of future land acquisitions by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service totaling 18.75 mi2 (48.56 km2) of land and water.[2] Expanding the territory through land acquisitions is a top priority for the refuge.[7] The expansion of the refuge is limited due to finances and the fact that most areas within the proposed range are privately owned. Currently, the majority of land within the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is jointly operated by individual landowners and by the federal government. The expansion could also include areas of significant permanent populations, such as the islands of Grosse Ile Township, the riverfronts of several Downriver communities, Berlin and Frenchtown charter townships, and Monroe.
The proposed range stretches for 48 miles from the southern border of Detroit at Zug Island in the city of River Rouge south all the way to the Michigan–Ohio border.[2][7] The expansion would not include any areas within the city limits of Detroit. Potential areas within this realm include Zug Island, Grosse Ile, Elizabeth Park, Pointe Mouillee State Game Area, Sterling State Park, and Turtle Island. Potential Canadian additions to the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge include the large Fighting Island, which has already undergone major recovery after serving as an industrial dumping ground for decades, Grass Island, Turkey Island, Crystal Island, and Bois Blanc Island.[12]
References
- ^ "Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. http://www.fws.gov/Midwest/DetroitRiver/. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Detroit River-Western Lake Erie Basin Indicator Project". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. http://www.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/refuge.html. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ a b c Hartig, John (17 Jul 2007). "The Detroit River's amazing comeback". http://sports.espn.go.com/outdoors/hunting/columns/story?columnist=swan_james&page=g_col_swan_det_river. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- ^ a b c Swan, James (19 Mar 2009). "Return of the Detroit River’s Charismatic Megafauna". http://www.glu.org/news/2009/03/return-of-the-detroit-river%E2%80%99s-charismatic-megafauna/. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- ^ Millsap, Stephanie (23 Jul 2009). "Grassy Island Disposal Facility". http://www.fws.gov/midwest/grassyisland/. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge". Midwest Natural Resources Group. 2005. http://www.mnrg.gov/accomplishments/detroit-river.htm. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ a b c U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2010). Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge: Overview. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "H.R. 1230 – Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge Establishment Act". Congressional Budget Office. 12 Sept 2001. http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=3090&type=0. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ "Erie Marsh Preserve". The Nature Conservancy. 2010. http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/michigan/preserves/art16985.html. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ Ingels, Mike (Apr 2007). "Do Not Enter: The Detroit River IWR". http://www.blogsmonroe.com/expatriate/2007/04/do-not-enter-the-detroit-iwr/. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ "Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge brochure". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. http://www.fws.gov/midwest/detroitriver/documents/brochureAug23.pdf. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ "A Conservation Vision for the Lower Detroit River Ecosystem". Metropolitan Affairs Coalition. Oct 2001. http://www.mac-web.org/Publications/assets/ahrconservation.pdf. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
External links
- Official website by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
- Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge by the Great Lakes Commission
- Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge Establishment Act
- A Conservation Vision for the Lower Detroit River Ecosystem
Parks in metropolitan Detroit Detroit city Belle Isle • Campau Park • Campus Martius • Chandler Park • Clark Park • Central Park • Dequindre Cut • International Riverfront • Engel Memorial Park • Ford Park • Fort Wayne • Gabriel Richard Park • Grand Circus • Layfayette Park • New Center Park • Owen Park • Palmer Park • Patton Park • Reid Memorial Park • State Fairgrounds • Three Mile Drive Park • Roosevelt ParkMetro
600 to 1,500 acres (243 to 607 ha)Addison Oaks • Algonac State Park • Belle Isle • Camp Dearborn • Crosswinds Marsh • Hayes State Park (Irish Hills) • Independence Oaks • Lower Huron • Metamora-Hadley Recreation Area • Metro Beach Metropark • River Rouge Park • Sterling State Park1,500 to 5,000 acres (607 to 2,023 ha) Bald Mountain • Brighton Recreation Area •
Hines Drive • Hudson Mills • Huron Meadows • Indian Springs • Kensington • Lake Erie Metropark • Pontiac Lake Recreation Area • Oakwoods • Pointe Mouillee State Game Area • Stony Creek Metropark • Wolcott Mill • Willowover 5,000 acres (2,023 ha) Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge • Highland Recreation Area • Ortonville Recreation Area • Waterloo State Recreation AreaWaterways Major beaches Belle Isle • Kensington • Lakeside Beach and Park • Lighthouse Beach and Park • Metro Beach • Stony CreekTrails
5 to 36 miles (8 to 58 km)Bald Mountain • Detroit River Walk / Dequindre Cut • Highland Recreation Lakes • Kensington • Lakelands Trail State Park • Maybury State Park • Novi North Park • Paint Creek Trail • Poly Ann Trail • Pontiac Lake Recreation Area • Stony Creek Inwood Trails • Waterloo-Pinckney TrailZoological and botanical See also Tourism in metropolitan Detroit and Huron-Clinton Metroparks
Categories:- IUCN Category Ib
- Detroit River
- Protected areas of Monroe County, Michigan
- Protected areas of Wayne County, Michigan
- Essex County, Ontario
- Important Bird Areas of Michigan
- National Wildlife Refuges in Michigan
- Nature reserves in Canada
- Conservation areas in Ontario
- Wetlands of Ontario
- Wetlands of Michigan
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