Canadian Senate divisions

Canadian Senate divisions
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Canadian Senate divisions refers to two things. First, to the four regional Senate divisions of 24 senators as set out in the Constitution of Canada (as defined in subsection 52(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982, consisting of the Canada Act 1982 (including the Constitution Act, 1982), all acts and orders referred to in the schedule (including the Constitution Act, 1867, formerly the British North America Act), and any amendments to these documents.[1] (While not within any of the original four Senate divisions, seats are also allocated to Newfoundland and Labrador and the three territories.) Second, it refers to divisions within a province represented by senators from the Canadian Senate, also known as "senatorial designation", although under the Constitution only Quebec has official Senate divisions within the province.[1] Senators from other provinces may simply "designate" a district they wish to symbolically represent within their province.[2]

Contents

Senate seats

Unlike the House of Commons, seats in the Canadian Senate are not adjusted by population (an exception to this was set out under the Manitoba Act, in which Manitoba's allotment increased until the province reached a target population). The Constitution also provides that a province cannot have fewer seats in the House of Commons than it has in the Senate.

There are currently 105 seats in the Canadian Senate. Seats are divided among provinces and territories and can only change with constitutional amendment, or a constitutional provision that allows seats to change based on certain conditions.[1] Beyond the constitutional allotment of senate seats per province, the seats are grouped into four regions of 24 seats. Provisions under section 26 of the Constitution Act exist to add up to two extra seats per region, with no more than 113 members allowed to sit in the Senate.

Seats in the Canadian Senate chamber.

See also: Party standings and composition by seat in the Senate.

Evolution of Senate seats

Evolution of Senate seats
Province (Joined Canada) 1867 1870 1871 1873 1874 1879 1882 1889 1903 1905 1915 1949 1975 1999

Ontario (1867)		 Ontario regional division (1867)
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

Quebec (1867)		 Quebec regional division (1867)
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

New Brunswick (1867)		 The Maritimes regional division (1867)
12 12 12 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Nova Scotia (1867) 12 12 12 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Prince Edward Island (1873) 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Alberta (1905)		 The Western Provinces regional division (1915)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 6 6 6
British Columbia (1871) 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6
Manitoba (1870) 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 6
Saskatchewan (1905) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 6 6 6

Northwest Territories (1870)		 The territories (1879)
0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 0 0 0 1 1
Nunavut (1999) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Yukon (1898) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Newfoundland and Labrador (1949)		 Newfoundland and Labrador (1949)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6
Total 72 74 77 79 77 79 80 81 83 90 96 102 104 105

Note:

  • 1870 The Manitoba Act, 1870 allows for two Senate seats with an expansion up to four adding seats at 50,000 and 75,000 population.
  • 1871 The British Columbia terms of Union, 1871 provides three seats for British Columbia
  • 1873 Under the Prince Edward Terms of Union 1873 Prince Edward Island was given four seats. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia lost two seats to decrease when the first two senators leave office.
  • 1873 New Brunswick Senator William Steeves dies, dropping New Brunswick to 11 seats
  • 1873 Nova Scotia Senator John Locke dies, dropping Nova Scotia to 11 seats.
  • 1874 New Brunswick Senator Robert Hazen dies, dropping New Brunswick to 10 seats
  • 1874 Nova Scotia Senator Ezra Churchill dies, dropping Nova Scotia to 10 seats
  • 1879 Northwest Territories granted 2 seats.
  • 1882 Manitoba reaches the population requirements for its third seat, it gained its fourth in 1889.
  • 1903 Northwest Territories granted 2 additional seats.
  • 1905 Saskatchewan and Alberta are created from the Northwest Territories with 4 seats each, under the Saskatchewan and Alberta Act's Northwest Territories loses 4 seats.
  • 1915 the Western provinces division was created and the seats of the four western provinces were set to six each.
  • 1949 Newfoundland & Labrador joined confederation, and was allotted six seats.
  • 1975 The Yukon is granted its 1st seat, and the Northwest Territories re-gains 1 seat after 70 years.
  • 1999 Nunavut was created from the Northwest Territories and allotted 1 seat.

Senate divisions

Map of the regional Senate divisions

Canadian Senate divisions have two meanings, the first refers to the four regional Senate divisions of 24 senators. The four regional divisions were created with 24 senators as an attempt to provide equality among the regions of Canada.[3] These regions are the Western Provinces, Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes.[1] Newfoundland and Labrador and the Territories are separate from the four regional divisions.[1][3] The four divisions can be expanded when the need arises to have an extra two senators appointed to each regional division.

The second meaning refers to districts represented by senators from the Canadian Senate. They are dissimilar to House of Commons constituencies in that they are not based upon any population measure but are either fixed in the Constitution Act 1867, in the case of Quebec, or are established upon the appointment of a senator and cease to exist when the senator leaves office.[1][3]

In provinces other than Quebec, senators are appointed to represent the province as a whole and the royal proclamation makes no reference to divisions. Nonetheless, some senators are said to represent specific divisions which are sometimes announced at the time of appointment and sometimes determined later.[2] These senate divisions have no specific geographic boundaries though their names often give a reference to a general geographic area. However a senator will sometimes create boundaries for their senate division even though it has no legal status. A senator can change his or her division in the same manner as party affiliation, simply by notifying the Clerk of the Senate. Some senators have created maps of their senate boundaries even though they hold no legal boundaries.

Changing senate division designations is relatively rare, only five of the current 75 non-Quebec senators have changed their divisions. Reasons for choosing a particular senate division designation vary widely, and there are no specific guidelines or precedents.

Although the origins and exact intentions of self-designated senate divisions are not clear, they likely originated during the October 10, 1864 Quebec City Conference. At that conference, Quebec argued to have its 24 senate divisions prescribed in law. In Quebec, the Constitution mandates that the 24 divisions be the same as those that Canada East held in the Legislative Council of Canada prior to Canadian confederation. The purpose of Senate divisions within Quebec is to protect the interests of religious and linguistic minorities inside the province.[3]

Each of the three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut) has only one senator who represents the entire territory.

Senators representation of constituents

Senators have the same constitutional provisions to offer services as members of the House of Commons. This includes a rarely used provision to maintain a constituency office. Three senators currently have such offices. Two of the three have not designated themselves to a specific divisions, but to represent their province as a whole. While constituency offices are rare, all senators maintain an office on Parliament Hill.

One feature of the Canadian Senate that sets itself apart from the House of Commons is the introduction of a Private bill. The cost to introduce a private bill in the Senate is $200 compared to $500 for one in the House. Prior to 1961, senators had a lot more "constituency work" because divorce was in the purview of Parliament. There is no legal obligation for providing constituency services.

Quebec regional division

Map of the Quebec regional division

The Quebec regional division was created in 1867 at the time of confederation. Quebec has had 24 seats since 1867. The region covers the entire province. Quebec is unique in that it has 24 divisions set in the Constitution Act of 1867 and defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada 1859. Quebec senators must own property in their represented divisions.

The senate boundaries have not been changed since 1867 making large portions of Quebec unrepresented that were added from the Northwest Territories. Quebec can have self-designated senators when the regional expansion clause is activated. Senators who are appointed in a Quebec Senate division must hold the $4,000 property requirement inside that division.

Note:

*Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau declined appointment to the Senate and Stadacona Senate division. Ten senators have served out terms in Stadacona.

See List of Quebec senators

Ontario regional division

Map of the Ontario regional division

The Ontario regional division was created at the time of confederation in 1867. The region covers the entire province and has not had any changes in seat numbers since 1867.

Ontario has been the most populous province and region in Canada since the birth of the country in 1867. The province has expanded its boundaries twice, to cover land once part of the Northwest Territories. Ontario also holds more seats in the Canadian House of Commons than any other province.

The capital of Canada, Ottawa is located within Ontario.

Note:

  1. Senator Jean-Robert Gauthier changed from Ontario to Ottawa-Vanier
  2. Senator Lorna Milne changed from Brampton to Peel County
  3. Senator Anne Cools changed from Toronto Centre to Toronto Centre-York

See List of Ontario senators

Western Provinces regional division

Western Provinces regional division

The Western provinces regional division was created under the Constitution Act, 1915 to bring the total to four regional divisions. Six senators would represent each of the four western provinces Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan for a total of 24 senators.

Prior to 1915 the provinces were not organized into a region, and had their own path of evolution. Manitoba gained seats on a set population expansion clause. Alberta and Saskatchewan gained seats from the Northwest Territories. British Columbia was given seats outlined in the Terms of Union.

Alberta has held popular elections for senators, although the Prime Minister is not obliged to nominate the winner of any such election to the Senate. Nonetheless, two winners of such elections have been nominated to the Senate: Senator Stan Waters was elected in the Alberta Senate nominee election, 1989, and Senator Bert Brown was also elected.

1 Senator Nicholas Taylor changed from Bon Accord to Sturgeon.

The Maritimes regional division

The Maritimes regional division was created in 1867. At the time of confederation the division contained only Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It was expected that Prince Edward Island would also join; however, it held out until 1873 as it sought equal representation by province rather than by region. At the Quebec Conference of 1864 the Prince Edward Island representatives believed the only safeguard for a small province would be an equal representation in the Senate. Prince Edward Island held out joining Canada until 1873 and ended up accepting the four senate seats.

On June 5, 2006 New Brunwick Premier Bernard Lord announced his province's support for possible Senate elections to be held during the New Brunswick municipal election cycle, joining Alberta as the only province actively pursuing elected Senators. Among his proposal was a plan to divide New Brunswick into five Regions or Divisions and have each represented by two Senators. Another possibility of the proposal was to have Senators remain at large for the province.

The Maritimes Regional division

Newfoundland and Labrador

During the Quebec Conference of 1864 it was determined that Newfoundland and Labrador was a distinct region and that the territory should exist as an exception outside of the equal regional divisions, if it should enter Canada. When Newfoundland and Labrador entered confederation in 1949 the Newfoundland Act confirmed the original terms of union and was given six seats in the Senate.

Map of Newfoundland and Labrador

See List of Newfoundland and Labrador senators

The territories

The Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut are currently represented by one senator each. The Northwest Territories joined confederation in 1870 but did not gain representation in the Senate until 1879. The territory was granted two more seats in 1903. After Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905 the Northwest Territories lost representation in the Senate until 1975 when it regained one seat under the Constitution Act 1975.

The Yukon was created out of the Northwest Territories in 1898 but did not get representation in the Senate until it was granted one seat under the Constitution Act 1975.

Nunavut was granted one seat under the Nunavut Act 1993 when the territory was created out of the Northwest Territories in 1999.

Map of the Territories

Note:

  • * Senator Willie Adams' designation changed from "Northwest Territories" to "Nunavut" when Nunavut Territory was created in 1999.
  • All Northwest Territories senators became part of Alberta and Saskatchewan after 1905.

See List of Canadian territorial senators

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f See list of Canadian constitutional documents for details.
  2. ^ a b Hynes, Aaron (2010). "Toward a Rational Redistribution of Seats in Canada's Senate". Canadian Parliamentary Review (Parliament of Canada) (Winter 2010): 27–31. http://www.revparl.ca/33/4/33n4_10e_A.Hynes.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-07. 
  3. ^ a b c d Parliamentary and Information Research Service (2009-08-10). "Publication No. 2009-02-E - Reforming the Senate of Canada: Frequently Asked Questions". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0902-e.pdf. Retrieved 2011-07-05. 

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