- Joseph Nasi
-
Don Joseph Nasi (or Nassi; also known as João Miquez in a Portuguese variant, Giuseppe Nasi in Italian, and as Yasef Nassi in Ottoman Turkish; 1524, Portugal–1579, Istanbul) was a Jewish diplomat and administrator, member of the House of Mendes, and influential figure in the Ottoman Empire during the rules of both Sultan Suleiman I and his son Selim II. He was a great benefactor of the Jewish people.[1]
A Court Jew,[2] he was appointed the Lord of Tiberias,[3] with the expressed aim of resettling Jews in Palestine and encouraging industry there; the attempt failed, and, later, he was appointed the Duke of Naxos and the Seven Islands.[4] Nasi also brought about war with the Republic of Venice, at the end of which Venice lost the island of Cyprus to the Ottomans. After the death of Selim, he lost influence in the Ottoman Court, but was allowed to keep his titles and pension for the remainder of his life.
Contents
Early life
Nasi was born in Spain as a Marrano (practicing Judaism in secret), and was a friend of Maximilian, nephew of the Habsburg King Charles I of Spain.[5] He escaped to Portugal after Charles decided to confiscate the Mendes fortune,[5] and, after the Holy Inquisition began operating against Portuguese Marranos, moved to Antwerp, in the Habsburg Netherlands, with his aunt, Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi. He studied at the University of Louvain,[5] but had to flee the Inquisition in 1547.[5] He then moved to France and later to Venice, before finally leaving for the Ottoman realm in 1554, Where he married Doña Reyna the daughter of his aunt Gracia Mendes Nasi.[5]
Ottoman Court
When he arrived in Istanbul, Nasi made a fortunate decision in supporting the future sultan Selim, against his rival Bayezid; as a result, he was favored by the Seraglio, and eventually became a high ranking diplomat and minister.[5]
Due to his trading connections in Europe, he was able to exercise great influence on Ottoman foreign policy.[3] Among his achievements were negotiating peace with Poland, and influencing the new election of the Polish king. He was awarded the monopoly of the beeswax trade with Poland, and of the wine trade with Moldavia, and maneuvered in the latter country to keep princes favorable to his policies in power. In 1561, Nasi backed Ioan Iacob Heraclid to rule as despot, supported Alexandru Lăpuşneanu's return to the throne in place of Ştefan Tomşa (1564), and ultimately endorsed Ion Vodă cel Cumplit (1572);[6] he was himself considered a suitable choice for hospodar of either Moldavia or Wallachia in 1571, but Selim II rejected the proposal.[6]
During the war between the Ottomans and the Republic of Venice, Nasi's negotiations with the Jewish community in Venetian-ruled Cyprus were uncovered, and, as a result, the Jewish population of Famagusta (with the exception of Jews who were natives of the city) was expelled in June 1568 (see History of the Jews in Cyprus).[7] It is believed that he intended parts of Cyprus to be a Jewish colony, and encouraged the Ottoman annexation of Cyprus in the war to that end; he was granted a coat of arms by Selim that indicated he would be given viceregal rank in that colony.[8] Nasi's relative Abraham Beneviste (Righetto Marrano) was arrested in 1570, on charges of having set fire to the Venetian Arsenal on Nasi's instigation.[9]
Maintaining contacts with William the Silent,[10] Nasi encouraged the Netherlands to revolt against Spain, a major adversary of the Ottoman Empire (the rebellion was ultimately carried out by the Union of Utrecht, as the start of the Eighty Years' War).[11] For this and other achievements, he was appointed by Selim to become the Duke of Naxos; he also later became the Count of Andros. Represented locally by one Francesco Coronello,[4] Nasi mainly ruled the Duchy from his palace of Belvedere, where he also maintained his own Hebrew printing press (kept by his wife and cousin, Doña Reyna, after Joseph's death).
Settling Tiberias
Joseph Nasi is best known to history for his attempt to resettle the towns of Tiberias and Safed in 1561.[12] He was the first person to attempt to settle Jews in the cities of Palestine by practical means, as opposed to waiting for the Messiah.[13]
Nasi secured a grant giving ruling authority from the Sultan, and, with the assistance of Joseph ben Adruth,[14] rebuilt the walls and the town. He also attempted to turn it into a textile (silk) center by planting mulberry trees and encouraging craftsmen to move there.[14] Arrangements were made for Jews to move from the Papal States, but, when the Ottomans and the Republic of Venice went to war, the plan was abandoned.[12]
Notes
- ^ Yosef Eisen (2004). Miraculous journey: a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present.
- ^ Hillgarth, p.171
- ^ a b Pasachoff & Littman, p.163
- ^ a b Freely, p.168
- ^ a b c d e f Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
- ^ a b Rezachevici, p.61
- ^ Urman & McCracken Flesher, p.62
- ^ Morris, p.154
- ^ Urman & McCracken Flesher, p.63
- ^ Bulut, p.112
- ^ Bulut, p.112; Hillgarth, p.171; Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
- ^ a b Gordon, p.209; Stillman, p.52
- ^ Stillman, p.52
- ^ a b Gordon, p.209
References
- Mehmet Bulut, Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations in the Early Modern Period 1571-1699, Hilversum, Uitgeverij Verloren, 2001
- John Freely, The Cyclades, London, I.B. Tauris, 2006
- Benjamin Lee Gordon, New Judea: Jewish Life in Modern Palestine and Egypt, Manchester, New Hampshire, Ayer Publishing, 1977
- Jocelyn Nigel Hillgarth, The Mirror of Spain, 1500-1700, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2000
- Jan Morris, The Venetian Empire, London, Penguin Books, 1980
- Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman, A Concise History of the Jewish People, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005
- Constantin Rezachevici, "Evreii în ţările române în evul mediu", in Magazin Istoric, September 1995, p.59-62
- Cecil Roth, A Bird's Eye History of the World, New York City, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1954
- Norman A. Stillman, Sephardi Religious Responses to Modernity, London, Routledge, 1995
- Dan Urman, Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher, Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Data, Leiden, Brill, 1995
External links
Categories:- 1524 births
- 1579 deaths
- Court Jews
- Culture of the Ottoman Empire
- Duchy of the Archipelago
- Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War
- Jewish Romanian history
- Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine
- Ottoman political people
- Spanish and Portuguese Jews
- Spanish Jews
- Ottoman Jews
- Immigrants to the Ottoman Empire
- 16th-century Spanish people
- 16th-century Ottoman people
- Aliyah in ancient times
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