Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)

Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholaevich
Spouse	Alexandra of Oldenburg
Issue
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich
Full name
Nicholas Nicholaevich Romanov
House	House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Father	Nicholas I
Mother	Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
Born	27 July 1831(1831-07-27) Tsarskoye Selo
Died	13 April 1891(1891-04-13) (aged 59) Alupka, Crimea

Do not confuse with his son, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856-1929).

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (Russian: Великий князь Николай Николаевич) ( 27 July 1831 in Tsarskoye Selo – 13 April 1891 in Alupka) was the third son and sixth child of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and Alexandra Feodorovna. He may also be referred to as Nicholas Nicolaievich the Elder to tell him apart from his son. Trained for the military, as a Field Marshal he commanded the Russian army of the Danube in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878.

Military career

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich was born on 27 July 1831 in Tsarskoye Selo.

His father arranged for Nicholas Nikolaevich a career in the army. On the day he was born, he was appointed honorary colonel in the Life Guard Lancers and enlisted into the Life Guard Sappers battalion.^[1] A soldier most of his life, he first saw active service in the Crimea War, when he was in his early twenties, taking part in the battle of Inkerman (1854).^[2] Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich showed a special interest in military engineering. In 1856, he was appointed as general Inspector of engineers and in 1864, he became commander of the Imperial Guard. In 1873, he accompanied his brother, Alexander II, to Berlin at the meeting of the three emperors: Russia, Germany and Austria.

The epitome of his career was the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878, when Nicholas Nicolaievich was appointed Commander-in- Chief of the Russian armies of the Danube, although his reputation as a strategist was very low. The Grand Duke had no particular distinction in early successes in the conflict and these were followed by terrible reverses of the armies under his orders. After the expulsion of the Russian troops from Rumelia and unsuccessful attacks at Plevna, Nicholas Nicolaievich was removed from actual command, although in theory he remained in his post. The victory of his subordinates allowed him to participate in the success at Adrianople and the Treaty of San Stefano, but after the war ended, he was criticized for not seizing Constantinople when his headquarters were already established in Adrianople. The Grand Duke also suffered the acute embarrassment of being charged with financial irregularities, of receiving bribes and embezzling money from the government.

His brother, Alexander II promoted Nicholas Nicolaievich's career and named him Commander of the St Petersburg military region. Eventually he received the ranks of Field Marshal-General, Inspector General of Cavalry and Inspector General of the Russian engineering forces. Nicholas Nicholaievich was an influential military figure; he also served on the State Council.

A Russian Grand Duke

Tall, strong and with a long thin nose, Nicholas Nicolaievich was neither handsome nor very intelligent. An incredible womanizer, Nicholas “loved all women except for his wife” as a contemporary wrote. He enjoyed army life, hunting ^[3] and was a well-known gourmet. He was also an expert on cattle, purebred dogs, horse breeding, fishing and hunting. In his luxurious residence in St Petersburg, the Nikolayevsky Palace, built between 1853–1861, horses were a favorite topic of conversation. The Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich took great interest in managing his estates, but he failed to inspire affection, even in those closest to him.^[3]

Marriage

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia in his youth

Nicholas Nicolaievich unwillingly married his second cousin Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna, formerly Princess Alexandra of Oldenburg (1838–1900), whose paternal grandmother was a daughter of Emperor Paul I. The wedding took place in St Petersburg on 6 February 1856. Alexandra was plain and unsophisticated and the couple soon found out that they had little in common. They had two children:

• Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia the Younger (1856–1929)
• Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (1864–1931)

The marriage was in trouble from the start and four years later, Nicholas developed a permanent relationship with Catherine Chislova, a dancer from the Krasnoye Selo Theater. Their affair was quite open and they had five children:

• Olga Nikolaevna Nikolaeva (1868–1950) m. Prince Michael Cantacuzene
• Vladimir Nikolaevich Nikolaev (1873–1942)
• Catherine Nikolaevna Nikolaeva (1874–1940)
• Nicholas Nikolaevich Nikolaev (1875–1902)
• Galina Nikolaevna Nikolaeva (1877–1878)

The Grand Duke arranged a change of class into the gentry for his mistress and the couple’s illegitimate children took the surname Nikolayev. Tsar Alexander II ignored his brother's affair but advised him to be discreet.

Last years

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia

Nicholas Nicolaievich was in Cannes with his two sons when his brother Alexander II was assassinated, returning immediately to Russia in March 1881. The ascension to the Russian throne of his nephew, Alexander III, marked the beginning of the Grand Duke's steady decline. Alexander III did not have any special sympathy for his uncle and Nicholas Nicholaievich was resolutely deprived of all his influence. His authority suffered even further when he was involved in fraudulent military requisitions. When the Grand Duke tried to explain his actions to the Nouvelle Revue of Paris 1880, he indiscreetly attacked government officials and military commanders and eventually was removed from his post. Alexander III also criticized his uncle's extramarital affairs.

By then, Nicholas Nicholaievich was living openly with his mistress. His wife left him for good in 1881 and moved to Kiev, but the Grand Duchess refused to grant the divorce he would have wanted. The couple's adult sons took their mother’s side in the family break up, but continued to live at the palace. Catherine Chislova nagged Nicholas to provide for her and their children, he soon became financially embarrassed and had to mortgage Nicholas Palace in St. Petersburg.^[4] In 1882, Nicholas Nicolaievich was put under supervision due to the squandering of his fortune; he lived as a private gentleman in a modest house.

Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich, unable to get a divorce, hoped to survive his wife and then marry his mistress, but it was Catherine Chislova who died unexpectedly in Crimea while Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna would survive him by nine years.^[5] Shortly after his mistress' death, Nicholas went mad; he had oral cancer that spread to his brain. Suffering from delusion, he was convinced that all women were in love with him. During one ballet performance, the Grand Duke even attacked a young male dancer that he took to be a woman. In 1890, Nicholas Nicolaievich was declared insane and kept locked indoors in Crimea. He died in Alupka, Crimea on 13/25 April 1891. The Grand Duke's reputation at the imperial court was low and his death was not deeply felt. He had squandered all his tremendous wealth and his palace was immediately sold to cancel his massive debts. .^[6]

Ancestry

16. Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

8. Peter III of Russia

17. Anna Petrovna of Russia

4. Paul I of Russia

18. Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst

9. Catherine II of Russia

19. Johanna Elisabeth, Princess of Holstein-Gottorp

2. Nicholas I of Russia

20. Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg

10. Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg

21. Princess Maria Augusta of Thurn and Taxis

5. Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg

22. Friedrich Wilhelm, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt

11. Friederike Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt

23. Sophie Dorothea Marie, Princess of Prussia

1. Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia

24. Prince Augustus William of Prussia

12. Frederick William II of Prussia

25. Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg

6. Frederick William III of Prussia

26. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

13. Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

27. Karoline of Zweibrücken

3. Charlotte of Prussia

28. Charles Louis Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Mirow

14. Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

29. Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen

7. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

30. Georg Wilhelm of Hesse-Darmstadt

15. Friederike Caroline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt

31. Maria of Leiningen-Dagsburg

Notes

1. ^ “The Romanov Legacy : The Palaces of St. Petersburg”: Zoia Belyakova, p.140
2. ^ “The Grand Dukes”: David Chavchavadze, p. 65
3. ^ ^{a b} The Camera and the Tsars : Charlotte Zeepvat, p. 31
4. ^ “The Grand Dukes”: David Chavchavadze, p. 69
5. ^ “The Romanov Legacy : The Palaces of St. Petersburg”: Zoia Belyakova, p.153
6. ^ “The Romanov Legacy : The Palaces of St. Petersburg”: Zoia Belyakova, p.154

Bibliography

• Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia, Once a Grand Duke, Cassell, London, 1932.
• Beliakova, Zoia, The Romanov Legacy : The Palaces of St. Petersburg, Hazar Publishing, 1994, ISBN 1874371274.
• Chavchavadze, David, The Grand Dukes, Atlantic ,1989, ISBN 0938311115
• King, Greg The Court of the Last Tsar, Wiley, 2006, ISBN 978-0471727637.
• Perry, John and Pleshakov, Constantine, The Flight of the Romanovs, Basic Books, 1999, ISBN 0465024629.
• Zeepvat, Charlotte, The Camera and the Tsars, Sutton Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7509-3049-7.

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Persondata
Name	Nicholas Nikolaevich Of Russia, Grand Duke
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	27 July 1831
Place of birth	Tsarskoye Selo
Date of death	13 April 1891
Place of death	Alupka, Crimea