Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia

Infobox Russian Royalty|grand duke
name =George Alexandrovich
title =Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia


imgw = 180px
caption =
imperial house = House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
father =Alexander III of Russia
mother =Dagmar of Denmark
spouse =
issue =
date of birth =birth date|1871|5|9
place of birth = Tsarskoye Selo, Russian Empire
date of death =death date and age|1899|8|9|1871|5|9
place of death = Abbas Tuman, Georgia
place of burial=|
Grand Duke George Alexandrovich Romanov, (In Russian Великий Князь Георгий Александрович Романов), (May 9, 1871 in Tsarskoe Selo - August 9, 1899 in Abbas Tuman, Caucasus) was the third son of Alexander III and Empress Marie of Russia. He was named George after his mother's younger brother, King George I of Greece. [ A Royal Family by Anna Lerche & Marcus Mandel, p.174 ] At the time of his birth, his father, as the eldest son of Tsar Alexander II, was titled as the Tsarevich of Russia. After his elder brother, the Grand Duke Nicholas, the infant Grand Duke was third in succession to the imperial throne, an elder brother, Alexander having died the year before George's birth. At times he was referred to by his family as "weeping willow". [ A Lifelong Passon, p.12 ]

Childhood

As an infant, George was stronger and healthier than his brother Nicholas. He could be described as a typical Romanov. George was tall, unlike his elder brother Nicholas, handsome and full of fun. He was always getting into mischief and, because his mother had a great weakness for him, getting away with it. [ Little Mother of Russia by Coryne Hall, p.93 ] Like his siblings, he was brought up in a spartan fashion in the English manner. They slept on camp beds, rose at six and took a cold bath, although occasionally they were allowed to take a warm bath in their mother's bathroom. Breakfast was usually porridge and black bread; mutton cutlets or roast beef with peas and baked potatoes were served for lunch; bread, butter and jam at tea-time. Cake was a special treat. Nicholas and George had a sitting-room, dining-room, play-room and bedroom, all simply furnished. The only trace of ostentation was an icon surrounded by pearls and precious stones. [ ibid, p.61 ] George's mother taught him that family life was important. Because of his parents' happy marriage, he was brought up in an atmosphere of love and security missing in many royal households. [ ibid ] On May 27, 1883, George's parents were crowned in a magnifcent ceremony in the Uspensky Cathedral in the Kremlin in Moscow. The Emperor and Empress received the homage of the Imperial Family, including their sons, Nicholas and George, both in uniform. It was a major occasion in the life of the young Grand Duke. [ ibid, p.103 ] The family lived mostly in the security of the palace at Gatchina.

Education, Career and Health

George was considered to be the cleverest of the Imperial children. He was also outgoing, like his mother. [ ibid, p.94 ] George and Nicholas shared the same tutors, but studied in adjoining rooms. They followed the course of the Academy of the Russian General Staff. Their tutors were distinguished professors. Their English teacher, Charles Heath, had once been tutor to their uncles, Grand Dukes Sergei and Pavel. Both brothers spoke and wrote faultless English. From Mr. Heath they acquired a love of sport, particularly shooting and fly-fishing. They also spoke fluent French and passable German and Danish. [ ibid ] George displayed signs of a promising career in the Navy before falling ill with tuberculosis in 1890. [ A Royal Family, p.181 ]

The Emperor and Empress both decided to send Nicholas and George on a nine-month long trip to Japan in 1890. George would go as a naval cadet and Nicholas to complete his education by seeing something of the world. Their mother hoped the warm sun and the sea air would improve George's health. They left Gatchina on November 4, 1890. The Empress had never been separated from her sons for such a long time and she missed them terribly. "You cannot imagine how sad and hard it is to be without you, my angel, and how dreadfully it hurts to think of this long separation", she wrote sadly. [ Little Mother of Russia, p.144 ] Nicholas and George first went by warship to Athens where they were joined by their cousins, Prince George of Greece, known as "Greek Georgie". From there, they travelled to Egypt. From Bombay in India, Nicholas telegraphed that his brother George had to remain on ship because he had trouble with his leg. Although George assured his parents that he was perfectly well, they were suddenly informed he had a fever and would have to return home. The Empress was alarmed. "You can't imagine in what anguish I have passed these last few days", she wrote. "In spite of all the reasoning ... I had to take things calmly, and to tell myself that it ... is only this horrible malaria that will pass with a change of air ..." [ ibid, p.145 ] George, in fact, had acute bronchitis and was sent back to Athens where he could be examined by the Imperial doctors. The Empress was distressed for both brothers: George, whose disappointment she felt deeply and Nicholas, who was now deprived of his brother's company. [ ibid ]

Tsesarevich

In November 1894, Alexander III died and Nicholas assumed the throne. At the time, Nicholas had no children, thus according to the laws of succession of the Russian Empire, the Grand Duke George became Tsesarevich. [ Empress Maria Fiodorovna by A.I.Barkovets & V.M.Tenikhina, p.97 ] George's ill-health had forced him to relocate to Abbas-Tuman. It was impossible for him to return to St. Petersburg for his father's,Alexander III, funeral. The doctors had forbidden it. [ Little Mother of Russia, p.165 ] Nicholas wrote to his brother, "... constantly pray to God to send you a full and speedy recovery, and to comfort you, because it is so much more difficult to be alone after such great sorrow than it is for us who are at least together!" [ A Lifelong Passion, p.108 ] George also missed the christenings of Nicholas' elder daughters, Olga and Tatiana. Shortly after the birth of Nicholas' third daughter, Maria, in June 1899, George wrote to his brother, "I am terribly sad that I have not yet been able to see your daughters and get to know them; but what can I do! It means it's not my fate, and everything is the will of God." [ A Lifelong Passion, p.172 ]

Visits from his mother to Abbas Tuman were greatly enjoyable. In 1895, George and his mother visited Denmark. They had not seen their Danish relatives for four years. Of course, it was sad as it was the first time for both of them without the late Tsar. Then suddenly, his health deteriorated, "Yesterday, in the garden, he expectorated some blood...that frightened me more than I can tell - the surprise of it was shocking, because he had been so well of late...I am quite desperate that this should have happened "here" [ ibid, p.176 ] As a result George was forbidden to smoke and confined to bed until he was fit enough to return to Abbas Tuman. Writing to Nicholas back home once again, George said about his trip to Denmark, "Of course it was good to see the family after 4 years, but it did not really do me any good, as I lost more than 5 pounds which I had put on with such difficulty in May and June. I also get out of breath more easily. So these are the results of my trip. Very annoying." [ A Lifelong Passion, p.119 ]

Death and Funeral

George died suddenly, on August 9, 1899, at the age of 28. He had been out alone on his motorcycle and some hours later, when he failed to return, his worried staff sent out a search party. By the time they found him it was too late. A peasant woman had discovered him collapsed at the side of the road, blood oozing from his mouth as he struggled to breathe. She supported him in her arms until he died. [ Little Mother of Russia, p.186 ] The news reached Nicholas by telegram and he had the difficult task of telling his mother. She broke down and wept. He had seldom been out of her thoughts for the last few years and his death came as a terrible shock. His family were completely devastated. Nicholas was especially grief-stricken at losing his younger brother and childhood playmate. [ ibid ] Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia wrote, "Everyone was struck, as if by lightning, by this sad and unexpected news. [ A Lifelong Passion, p.173 ] Queen Victoria wrote to Nicholas II, "Pray accept the expression of my sincerest sympathy in this great sorrow, for I know the affection you had for your poor brother Georgy, whose life was so sad and lonely" [ ibid ] "The Dowager Empress telegraphed Queen Victoria, "Thank you so much for kind sympathy in this terrible sudden bereavement...My poor dearest son passed away quite alone. Am heartbroken." [ Little Mother of Russia, p.186 ] On August 14, 1899, he was laid to rest in the St.Peter and Paul Cathedral in St.Petersburg, not far from his late father, Alexander III. During the service, his mother stood without tears, only deep suffering was imprinted on her face. When the coffin was put down into the tomb, Maria Feodorovna stood next to Xenia, holding her arm-in-arm and suddenly, looking at her daughter with widely open, unseeing eyes, she loudly said, "Let's go home. Let's go home, I cannot stand it anymore!" and she rushed out. When a board was laid down for leaving the tomb, she went away so quickly that it was difficult for others to keep pace with her. Nobody even had enough time to throw flowers on to the tomb. In the carriage she sobbed for a long time, pressing to her breast Georgy's hat that she took off the coffin's cover. [ Diary of Grand Duchess Xiena Alexandrovna for 1899, State Archives of the Russian Federation f.662,op.1,d.13,1,97-97v ]

Legacy

Nicholas II always remembered George and his wonderful sense of humour. He would tell great jokes that amused his brother very much. Nicholas would dutifully write out the best jokes on pieces of paper and save them in a box. Years later, the Tsar would be heard laughing by himself in his room, looking through his old box of George's jokes. George's title as Heir Presumptive was passed to his younger brother, Michael, until the birth, in 1904, of Nicholas' son, Alexei. In 1910, Michael named his newborn son, George, after his late brother. This George would also die young; he was killed in a car crash in 1931 at the age of 20.

DNA evidence

Decades later his body was disinterred from the grave in the Cathedral of St.Peter and Paul in St. Petersburg so that a sample of DNA could be taken from the remains to see whether skeletal remains allegedly belonging to his older brother, the last Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II, were legitimate or not. The DNA sample obtained from the remains was an exact match with those obtained from the remains of Nicholas II. Beyond the grave, George had once again proved to be of service to his brother. After the completion of DNA testing, the remains of Grand Duke George Alexandrovich was once again laid to rest not far from those of his older brother and family. [ Little Mother of Russia, p.356 ]

tyles

* "His Imperial Highness" Grand Duke George Alexandrovich Romanov of Russia, (1871–1894)
* "His Imperial Highness" Grand Duke George Alexandrovich Romanov of Russia, Tsesarevich of Russia (1894–1899)

Ancestry

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1= 1. Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia
2= 2. Alexander III of Russia
3= 3. Dagmar of Denmark
4= 4. Alexander II of Russia
5= 5. Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
6= 6. Christian IX of Denmark
7= 7. Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
8= 8. Nicholas I of Russia
9= 9. Charlotte of Prussia
10= 10. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse
11= 11. Wilhelmine of Baden
12= 12. Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
13= 13. Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
14= 14. Prince William of Hesse
15= 15. Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark
16= 16. Paul I of Russia
17= 17. Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg
18= 18. Frederick William III of Prussia
19= 19. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
20= 20. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse
21= 21. Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
22= 22. Charles Louis of Baden
23= 23. Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
24= 24. Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
25= 25. Friederike von Schlieben
26= 26. Charles of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
27= 27. Princess Louise of Denmark and Norway
28= 28. Prince Frederick of Hesse
29= 29. Princess Caroline Polyxene of Nassau-Usingen
30= 30. Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark and Norway
31= 31. Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

References

Books, Letters and Articles

*cite book
last = Barkovets
first = A.I.
authorlink = A.I.Barkovets (author)
coauthors = V.M.Tenikhina
title = Empress Maria Fiodorovna
publisher = Abris Publishers
date= 2006
location = St.Petersburg
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 0 85683 177 8
*cite book
last = Hall
first = Coryne
authorlink = Coryne Hall (author)
coauthors =
title = Little Mother of Russia - A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna
publisher = Shepheard-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd
date= 1999
location = London
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 0 85683 177 8
*cite book
last = Korneva
first = Galina
authorlink = Galina Korneva
coauthors = Tatiana Cheboksarova
title = Empress Maria Feodorovna's Favourite Residences in Russia and Denmark
publisher = Liki Rossi
date= 2006
location = St.Petersburg
pages =
url =
doi =
id =
*cite book
last = Lerche
first = Anna
authorlink = Anna Lerche
coauthors = Marcus Mandal
title = A Royal Family : The Story Of Christian IX And His European Descendants
publisher = Egmont Lademann A/S Denmark
date= 2003
location =
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 87-15-10957-7
*cite book
last = Maylunas
first = Andrei
authorlink = Andrei Maylunas
coauthors = Sergei Mironenko
title = A Lifelong Passion : Nicholas and Alexandra - Their Own Story
publisher = Phoenix
date= 1997
location = London
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 0 75380 044 6
*cite book
last = Romanova
first = Xenia Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess
authorlink = Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
coauthors =
title = Diary of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna for 1899
date = 1899
location = Russian State Archives, Moscow
id=