Othello (character)

Othello
"Othello and Desdemona in Venice" by Théodore Chassériau (1819–56
Creator	William Shakespeare
Play	Othello

Othello is a character in Shakespeare's Othello (c.1601-1604). The character's origin is traced to the tale, "Un Capitano Moro" in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. There, he is simply referred to as the Moor.

Othello is a brave and competent soldier of advanced years and Moorish background in the service of the Venetian Republic. He elopes with Desdemona, the beautiful daughter of a respected Venetian senator. After being deployed to Cyprus, Othello is manipulated by his Ancient (pronounced Ensign) Iago, into believing Desdemona is an adultress. Othello murders her before killing himself.

Othello was first mentioned in a Revels account of 1604 when the play was performed on 1 November at Whitehall Palace with Richard Burbage almost certainly Othello's first interpreter. Modern notable performers of the role include Paul Robeson, Orson Welles, Richard Burton, James Earl Jones, and Laurence Olivier.

Role

Othello is an African prince living in Venice, an ambassador to the Moors. After time in Venice, Othello is appointed general in the Venetian Army. His newly appointed Lieutenant Iago tricks him into believing that his wife Desdemona is having an affair with one of his soldiers, Michael Cassio. Othello kills his wife out of jealousy, only to realize that his wife was faithful, at which point he commits suicide.

Source

"Othello and Desdemona" by Alexandre-Marie Colin, 1829

Othello has its source in the 1565 tale, "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. While no English translation of Cinthio was available in Shakespeare's lifetime, it is probable that Shakespeare knew both the Italian original and Gabriel Chappuy's 1584 French translation. Cinthio's tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508.^[1] It also resembles an incident described in the earlier tale of "The Three Apples", one of the stories narrated in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights).^[2] Desdemona is the only named character in Cinthio's tale, his other characters being identified as the Moor, the squadron leader, the ensign, and the ensign's wife.

While Shakespeare closely followed Cinthio's tale in composing Othello, he departed from it in some details, particularly in the tale's depiction of Desdemona's death. In Cinthio, the Moor commissions his ensign to bludgeon Desdemona to death with a sand-filled stocking. In gruesome detail, Cinthio follows each blow, and, when the lady is dead, the Moor and his ensign place her lifeless body upon her bed, smash her skull, and then cause the cracked ceiling above the bed to collapse upon her, giving the impression the falling rafters caused her death. The two murderers escape detection. The Moor then misses his wife greatly, and comes to loathe the sight of his ensign. He demotes him, and refuses to have him in his company. The ensign then seeks revenge by disclosing to "the squadron leader" (the tale's Cassio counterpart), the Moor's involvement in Desdemona's death. The two men denounce the Moor to the Venetian Seignory. The Moor is arrested, transported from Cyprus to Venice, and tortured, but refuses to admit his guilt. He is condemned to exile; Desdemona's relatives eventually put him to death. The ensign escapes any prosecution in Desdemona's death but engages in other crimes and dies after being tortured.^[3]

Race

Portrait of Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, Moorish ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, sometimes claimed as an inspiration for Othello.^[4]

There is no consensus over Othello's race. E.A.J. Honigmann, the editor of the Arden Shakespeare edition, concluded that Othello's race is ambiguous. "Renaissance representations of the Moor were vague, varied, inconsistent, and contradictory. As critics have established, the term 'Moor' referred to dark-skinned people in general, used interchangeably with similarly ambiguous terms as 'African', "Ethiopian', 'Negro', and even 'Indian' to designate a figure from Africa (or beyond).^[5][6] Various uses of the word 'black' (for example, "Haply for I am black") are insufficient evidence for any accurate racial classification, Honigmann argues, since 'black' could simply mean 'swarthy' to Elizabethans. In 1911, James Welton argued more evidence points to him being Sub-Saharan, though Shakespeare's intention is unknown.^[7] He cites Brabantio's description of Othello's "sooty bosom," a racial stereotype during this time, and Othello's comparison to Dian, a famous Ethiopian. He argues that interpretations attempting to change Othello from "black to brown" were due to racial prejudice during Reconstruction in America and notes that Othello is described using similar language in Titus Andronicus.^[8] Virginia Mason Vaughan suggests that the racial identity of the character of Othello fit more clearly as a man from Sub-Saharan Africa than from North Africa (Barbary) as north Africans were more easily accepted into society. She states that by 1604, accounts of Othello as deriving from further south were not uncommon.^[9] She notes Rodrigo's description of Othello having "thick lips" was a racial stereotype used by 16th century explorers for southern Africans.^[10] Modern-day readers and theatre directors lean away from a North African Moorish interpretation^[11] but Shakespeare's textual references are unclear. Iago twice uses the word 'Barbary' or 'Barbarian' to refer to Othello, seemingly referring to the Barbary coast inhabited by the "tawny" Moors. Roderigo calls Othello 'the thicklips', which seems to refer to European conceptions of Sub-Saharan African physiognomy, but Honigmann counters that, as these comments are all intended as insults by the characters, they need not be taken literally.^[12]

Michael Neill, editor of the Oxford Shakespeare edition, notes that the earliest critical references to Othello's colour, (Thomas Rymer's 1693 critique of the play, and the 1709 engraving in Nicholas Rowe's edition of Shakespeare), assume him to be a black man, while the earliest known North African interpretation was not until Edmund Kean's production of 1814.^[13] Honigmann questions the view that Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, Moorish ambassador of the Arab King of Barbary to Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, was one inspiration for Othello. He stayed with his retinue in London for several months and occasioned much discussion, and thus might have inspired Shakespeare's play, written only a few years afterwards. The exact date that Othello was written is unknown, though sources indicate that it was written between 1601 and 1610, sometime after the Moorish delegation.^[14]

Othello and Iago (1901)

Othello is referred to as a “Barbary horse” (1.1.113), a “lascivious Moor” (1.1.127), and “the devil” (1.1.91). In in III.III he denounces Desdemona's supposed sin as being "black as mine own face." Desdemona's physical whiteness is otherwise presented in opposition to Othello's dark skin; V.II "that whiter skin of hers than snow." Iago tells Brabantio that "an old black ram / is tupping your white ewe" (1.1.88). In Elizabethan discourse, the word "black" could suggest various concepts that extended beyond the physical colour of skin, including a wide range of negative connotations.^[15][16]

Othello was frequently performed as an Arab Moor during the 19th century. In the past, Othello would often have been portrayed by a white actor in blackface. Black American actor Paul Robeson played the role from 1930-1959. Recent actors who chose to ‘blacken up’ include Lawrence Olivier (1965) and Orson Welles. Since the 1960s it has become commonplace to cast a black actor in the character of Othello, although the casting of the role now can come with a political subtext.^[17] Patrick Stewart took the role in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 1997 staging of the play ^[18][19] and Thomas Thieme, also white, played Othello in a 2007 Munich Kammerspiele staging at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford. Michael Gambon also took the role in 1980 and 1991; all three played without blackface, their performances critically acclaimed.^[20][21]

20th century Othellos

Paul Robeson and Uta Hagen (1943)

The most notable American production may be Margaret Webster's 1943 staging starring Paul Robeson as Othello and Jose Ferrer as Iago. This production was the first ever in America to feature a black actor playing Othello with an otherwise all-white cast (there had been all-black productions of the play before). It ran for 296 performances, almost twice as long as any other Shakespearean play ever produced on Broadway.^[22] Although it was never filmed, it was the first nearly complete performance of a Shakespeare play released on records. Robeson played Othello from 1930–1959 and played the role in London in 1931 opposite a cast that included Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona and Ralph Richardson as Roderigo, and would return to it in 1959 at Stratford on Avon.^[22]

The American actor William Marshall performed the title role in at least six productions. His Othello was called by Harold Hobson of the London Sunday Times "the best Othello of our time,"^[23] continuing: "nobler than Tearle, more martial than Gielgud, more poetic than Valk. From his first entry, slender and magnificently tall, framed in a high Byzantine arch, clad in white samite, mystic, wonderful, a figure of Arabian romance and grace, to his last plunging of the knife into his stomach, Mr Marshall rode without faltering the play's enormous rhetoric, and at the end the house rose to him."^[24] Marshall also played Othello in a jazz musical version, Catch My Soul, with Jerry Lee Lewis as Iago, in Los Angeles in 1968.^[25] His Othello was captured on record in 1964 with Jay Robinson as Iago and on video in 1981 with Ron Moody as Iago. The 1982 Broadway staging starred James Earl Jones as Othello and Christopher Plummer as Iago.

When Laurence Olivier gave his acclaimed performance of Othello at the Royal National Theatre (UK) in 1964, he had developed a case of stage fright that was so profound that when he was alone onstage, Frank Finlay (who was playing Iago) would have to stand offstage where Olivier could see him to settle his nerves.^[26] This performance was recorded complete on LP, and filmed by popular demand in 1965 (according to a biography of Olivier, tickets for the stage production were notoriously hard to get). The film version still holds the record for the most Oscar nominations for acting ever given to a Shakespeare film - Olivier, Finlay, Maggie Smith (as Desdemona) and Joyce Redman (as Emilia, Iago's wife) were all nominated for Academy Awards.

Actors have alternated the roles of Iago and Othello in productions to stir audience interest since the nineteenth century. Two of the most notable examples of this role swap were William Charles Macready and Samuel Phelps at Drury Lane (1837) and Richard Burton and John Neville at the Old Vic Theatre (1955). When Edwin Booth's tour of England in 1880 was not well attended, Henry Irving invited Booth to alternate the roles of Othello and Iago with him in London. The stunt renewed interest in Booth's tour. James O'Neill also alternated the roles of Othello and Iago with Booth.

White actors have continued to take the role. These include British performers Paul Scofield at the Royal National Theatre in 1980, Anthony Hopkins in the BBC Shakespeare television production (1981), and Michael Gambon in a stage production at Scarborough directed by Alan Ayckbourn in 1990. In 1997, Patrick Stewart took the role with the Shakespeare Theatre Company (Washington, D.C.) in a race-bending performance, in a "photo negative" production of a white Othello with an otherwise all-black cast. Stewart had wanted to play the title role since the age of 14, so he and director Jude Kelly inverted the play so Othello became a comment on a white man entering a black society.^[18][19]

Performance history

• Ira Aldridge
• Edwin Booth
• Avery Brooks
• Richard Burbage
• Richard Burton
• Billy Crudup (as Ned Kynaston playing Othello in Stage Beauty)
• Ajay Devgan (as Omkara Shukla in Omkara)
• Chiwetel Ejiofor
• Laurence Fishburne
• Johnston Forbes-Robertson
• Moses Gunn
• John Gielgud
• Anthony Hopkins
• Emil Jannings
• Raul Julia
• James Earl Jones
• Art Malik
• William Marshall
• John Neville
• James O'Neill
• Laurence Olivier
• Mekhi Phifer (as Odin in O)
• Paul Robeson
• Tommaso Salvini
• Paul Scofield
• Patrick Stewart
• Eamonn Walker
• Orson Welles
• Cyril Nri
• Lenny Henry
• Ajay Devgan

References

1. ^ Shakespeare, William. Four Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. Bantam Books, 1988.
2. ^ Young, John G., M.D.. "Essay: What Is Creativity?". Adventures in Creativity: Multimedia Magazine 1 (2). http://www.adventuresincreativity.net/2mag1.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17 
3. ^ Bevington, David and Kate, translators. "Un Capitano Moro" in Four Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. Bantam Books, 1988.
4. ^ Vaughan, p.59
5. ^ Making More of the Moor: Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashionings of Race. Emily C. Bartels
6. ^ "Moor, n2", The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edtn.
7. ^ James Welton Psychology of Education. University of California: 1911, p. 403.
8. ^ James Welton Psychology of Education. University of California: 1911, p. 404.
9. ^ Virginia Mason Vaughan Othello: A Contextual History. Cambridge University Press: 1996, p. 51 - 52.
10. ^ Leo Africanus, "The inhabitants are extremely black, having great noses and blabber lips." "The History and Description of Africa", Robert Brown, ed., Trans. John Pory, 3 Vols (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1896), p. 830.
11. ^ Honigmann, 17.
12. ^ E.A.J. Honigmann, ed. Othello. London: Thomas Nelson, 1997, p. 15.
13. ^ Michael Neill, ed. Othello (Oxford University Press), 2006, p. 45-7.
14. ^ Honigmann p2-3.
15. ^ Doris Adler, "The Rhetoric of Black and White in Othello" Shakespeare Quartertly, 25 (1974)
16. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 'Black', 1c.
17. ^ Taylor, Paul (10 January 1996). "A tricky double act". The Independent (London).  Quoted in Hughes, Geoffrey (2009). Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture (The Language Library). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 231. ISBN 1-4051-5279-6. 
18. ^ ^{a b} "The Issue of Race and Othello". Curtain up, DC. 2 May 2010
19. ^ ^{a b} "Othello by William Shakespeare directed by Jude Kelly". The Shakespeare Theatre Company.
20. ^ "Black or white? Casting can be a grey area" Guardian article. 5 April 2007
21. ^ "Othello (Theatre review) The Guardian Friday 28 April 2006
22. ^ ^{a b} Shakespeare in Sable: A History of Black Shakespearean Actors by Errol Hill Shakespeare Quarterly Vol. 37, No. 2 (Summer, 1986), pp. 276-278; Folger Shakespeare Library and George Washington University
23. ^ Jet magazine, 30 June 2003
24. ^ The (London) Independent, 6 July 2003
25. ^ Christgau, Robert. Any Old Way You Choose It, ISBN 0815410417
26. ^ Laurence Olivier, Confessions of an Actor, Simon and Shuster (1982) p. 262