Cherimoya

Ripe cherimoya fruits

See also: Annona cherimola

The Cherimoya is the fruit of the species Annona cherimola, which is native to the Andes.^[1] Today they are grown throughout South and Central America.

Description

Cherimoya is a deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub or small tree reaching 7 m (22 feet) tall. The leaves are alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, 7–15 cm long and 6–10 cm broad. The flowers are produced in small clusters, each flower 2–3 cm across, with six petals, yellow-brown, often spotted purple at the base.

The fruit is oval, often slightly oblate, 10–20 cm long and 7–10 cm diameter, with a smooth or slightly tuberculated skin. The fruit flesh is white and creamy, and has numerous dark brown seeds embedded in it. Mark Twain called the cherimoya "the most delicious fruit known to men."^[2] The fruit is fleshy and soft, sweet, white in color, with a sherbet-like texture, which gives it its secondary name, custard apple.

Some characterize the flavor as a blend of banana, pineapple, papaya, peach, and strawberry. Others describe it as tasting like commercial bubblegum. Similar in size to a grapefruit, it has large, glossy, dark seeds that are easily removed. When ripe, the skin is green and gives slightly to pressure, similar to the avocado.

Etymology

The name originates from the Quechua word chirimuya, which means "cold seeds," because the plant grows at high altitudes and the seeds will germinate at higher altitudes.^{[citation needed]}. In Bogotá, Colombia, the fruit is commonly known as chirimoya, a mixture of the modern and Quechua names.

Cultivation and uses

Indigenous cultures

The Moche culture of Peru had a fascination with agriculture and represented fruits and vegetables in their art. Cherimoyas were often depicted in their ceramics.^[3]

Fruit production - crops

The tree thrives throughout the tropics at altitudes of 1,300 to 2,600 m (4,300 to 8,500 ft). Though sensitive to frost, it must have periods of cool temperatures or the tree will gradually go dormant. The indigenous inhabitants of the Andes say that although the cherimoya cannot stand snow, it does like to see it in the distance.^[4] It is cultivated in many places throughout the Americas, including California, where it was introduced in 1871, and Hawaii. In the Mediterranean region, it is cultivated mainly in southern Spain, where it was introduced before 1751^[5] in the Motril, Almuñecar and Malaga areas, from where it was carried to Italy and lsla de Madeira (Portugal), but now can be also found in Morocco, Tunisia (only in the orchards of Hammamet), Lebanon, Egypt, Cyprus, and Israel. The first planting in Italy was in 1797 and it became a favored crop in the Province of Reggio Calabria. It is also grown in Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand.

Cherimoya seeds

Large fruit which are uniformly green, without cracks or mostly browned skin, are best. Unripe cherimoyas will ripen at room temperature, when they will yield to gentle pressure. Ripe fruits keep better in the refrigerator.

Different varieties have different flavors, textures, and shapes. Shapes can range from imprint areoles, flat areoles, slight bump or point areoles, full areoles, and combinations of these shapes. The flavor of the flesh ranges from mellow sweet to tangy or acidic sweet, with variable suggestions of pineapple, banana, pear, papaya, strawberry or other berry, and apple, depending on the variety. The usual characterization of flavor is "pineapple/banana" flavor^{[citation needed]}, similar to the flavor of the Monstera deliciosa fruit.

Cherimoya sprouts emerging

When the fruit is soft-ripe/fresh-ripe and still has the fresh, fully mature greenish/greenish-yellowish skin color, the texture is like that of a soft-ripe pear and papaya. If the skin is allowed to turn fully brown, yet the flesh has not fermented or gone "bad", then the texture can be custard-like. Often, when the skin turns brown at room temperature, the fruit is no longer good for human consumption. Also, the skin turns brown if it has been under normal refrigeration for too long - a day or two maybe.

Fresh cherimoya contains about 15% sugar (about 60kcal/100g) and some vitamin C (up to 20 mg/100g). Cherimoya and other members of the Annonaceae family also contain small amounts of neurotoxic alkaloids, such as annonacin, which appear to be linked to atypical Parkinsonism in Guadeloupe.^[6] The seeds are poisonous if crushed open.^[7] An extractive of the bark can induce paralysis if injected.^[7]

Pollination

The flowers are hermaphroditic and have a mechanism to avoid self pollination. The short-lived flowers open as female, then progress to a later, male stage in a matter of hours. This requires a separate pollinator that not only can collect the pollen from flowers in the male stage, but also deposit it in flowers in the female stage. It is acknowledged that there must be such a natural pollinator, and while so far studies of insects in the cherimoya's native region have been inconclusive, some form of beetle is suspected (Schroeder 1995).

Quite often, the female flower is receptive in the early part of the first day, but pollen is not produced in the male stage until the late afternoon of the second day. Honey bees are not good pollinators, for example, because their bodies are too large to fit between the fleshy petals of the female flower. Female flowers have the petals only partially separated, and the petals separate wide when they become male flowers. So the bees pick up pollen from the male flowers, but are unable to transfer this pollen to the female flowers. The small beetles which pollinate cherimoya in its land of origin are much smaller than bees.

For fruit production outside the cherimoya's native region, cultivators must either rely upon the wind to spread pollen in dense orchards or else pollinate flowers by hand. Complicating matters is the notoriously short lifespan of cherimoya pollen.

Postharvest handling

The optimum temperature for storage is 8–12 °C (46–54 °F), depending on cultivar, ripeness stage, and duration, with an optimum relative humidity of 90-95%.

Exposure to ethylene (100 ppm for one to two days) accelerates ripening of mature-green cherimoya and other Annona fruits; they can ripen in about five days if kept at 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F). Ethylene removal can be helpful in retarding ripening of mature-green fruits.^[8]

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  Split

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  Tree

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  Plantation in south Andalucia

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  Moche Cherimoya. 200 B.C. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru

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  Cherimoya-shaped bottle made by the Cupisnique culture around 1000 to 700 BCE

See also

• Atemoya (a cross of A. squamosa and A. cherimola)
• Custard-apple (Annona reticulata)
• Pawpaw (Asimina spp.)
• Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa)
• Soursop (Annona muricata)
• Wild Soursop (Annona senegalensis)

References

1. ^ Lost crops of the Incas, By National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, (National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1989) Page 229, http://books.google.com/books?id=iT0rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=cherimoya+native+to&hl=en&ei=k4iQTpiZHsn00gG5xbVT&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cherimoya%20native%20to&f=false
2. ^ The Sacramento Daily Union, October 25, 1866.
3. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
4. ^ "... los indígenas del altiplano andino dicen que aunque la chirimoya no soporta la nieve, le gusta verla de lejos" "Diccionario de frutas - chirimoya". http://www.5aldia.org/v_5aldia/alimentos/frutasver.asp?te=60&ali=33. 
5. ^ La Vanguardia, Barcelona, 19 de junio de 1954, pp.5
6. ^ . doi:10.1002/mds.20632. PMID 16078200. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Morton, Julia Frances and Curtis F. Dowling. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates, Creative Resources Systems.
8. ^ http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Fruit/Cherimoya.shtml

• Champy P, et al., Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe, Mov Disord. 2005 Dec;20(12):1629-33. PMID: 16078200
• Caparros-Lefebvre D, Elbaz A., Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: a case-control study. Caribbean Parkinsonism Study Group, Lancet. July 24, 1999;354(9175):281-6. PMID: 10440304
• Please see Pimenta et al., 2003 for information about toxicity.

External links

• CHERLA Research Project (EU). Promotion of Sustainable Cherimoya Production Systems in Latin America through the Characterisation, Conservation and Use of Local Germplasm Diversity.
• Schroeder, C. A. (1995). Pollination Strategy in the Cherimoya.
• Cherimoya website
• Owens, K. J.(2003). Genetic diversity of Annona cherimola Mill. in south central Bolivia.
• Scheldeman, X. (2002). Distribution and potential of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) and highland papayas (Vasconcellea spp.) in Ecuador
• Bridg, Hannia: Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona muricata L.
• Postharvest Technology Cherimoya Produce Facts