Parkinsonism

Parkinsonism

Infobox_Disease
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Caption =
DiseasesDB = 24212
ICD10 =
ICD9 =
ICDO =
OMIM =
MedlinePlus = 000759
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eMedicineTopic =
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Parkinsonism (also known as Parkinson's syndrome, atypical Parkinson's, or secondary Parkinson's) is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.cite book | author = Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP | title = Clinical Neurology | publisher = Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical | edition = 6th ed. | pages = 241–5 |year = 2005 | isbn = 0071423605 ] The underlying causes of parkinsonism are numerous, and diagnosis can be complex. [cite journal | author = Tuite PJ, Krawczewski K | title = Parkinsonism: a review-of-systems approach to diagnosis | journal = Seminars in neurology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–22 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17390256 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-971174] While the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, a wide-range of other etiologies can lead to a similar set of symptoms, including some toxins, a few metabolic diseases, and a handful of non-PD neurological conditions. [cite journal
author = Christine CW, Aminoff MJ
title = Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes: prognostic and therapeutic relevance
journal = Am. J. Med.
volume = 117
issue = 6 | pages = 412–9
year = 2004 | pmid = 15380498
doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.032] Its most common cause is as a side effect of medications, mainly neuroleptic antipsychotics especially the phenothiazines (such as perphenazine and chlorpromazine), thioxanthenes (such as flupenthixol and zuclopenthixol) and butyrophenones (such as haloperidol (Haldol)), piperazines (such as ziprasidone), and rarely, antidepressants.

Etiology

If PD has been excluded, the differential diagnosis or list of potential causes for this syndrome includes:
* AIDS can sometimes lead to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, due to commonly causing dopaminergic dysfunction. [cite journal | author = Tse W, Cersosimo MG, Gracies JM, "et al" | title = Movement disorders and AIDS: a review | journal = Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 323–34 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15261874 | doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.03.001]
* Corticobasal degeneration
* Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [cite journal | author = Maltête D, Guyant-Maréchal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D | title = Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review | journal = Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 65–71 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16364674 | doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004]
* Diffuse Lewy body disease
* Drug-induced parkinsonism (due to drugs such as antipsychotics, metoclopramide, MPTPcite journal | author = Watanabe Y, Himeda T, Araki T | title = Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity and their implications for therapy of Parkinson's disease | journal = Med. Sci. Monit. | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = RA17–23 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15614202 | url = http://www.medscimonit.com/pub/vol_11/no_1/5333.pdf | format = PDF] )
* Encephalitis lethargica
* Multiple system atrophy [cite journal | author = Wenning GK, Geser F | title = Multiple system atrophy | journal = Rev. Neurol. (Paris) | volume = 159 | issue = 5 Pt 2 | pages = 3S31–8 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12773886 | doi = ]
* Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome)cite journal | author = Uc EY, Rodnitzky RL | title = Childhood dystonia | journal = Seminars in pediatric neurology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 52–61 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12785748| doi = 10.1016/S1071-9091(02)00010-4 ]
* Progressive supranuclear palsy
* Toxicity due to substances such as carbon monoxide,cite book | author = DeLong MR, Juncos JL | title = Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders. "In:" Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | pages = p. 2414 | edition = 16th ed.| publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-07-140235-7 ] carbon disulfide, manganese, paraquat, [cite journal |author=Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Remião F, Carmo H, "et al" |title=Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1110–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16815551 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.012] hexane, rotenone, and toluene. Fact|date=June 2007
* Vascular parkinsonism [cite journal | author = Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T | title = Vascular Parkinsonism--an important cause of parkinsonism in older people | journal = Age and ageing | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 114–9 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15713855 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afi025 | url = http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/2/114 | format = PDF]
* Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which there is an abnormal accumulation of copper. The excess copper can lead to the formation of a copper-dopamine complex, which leads to the oxidation of dopamine to aminochrome. [cite journal |author=Członkowska A, Tarnacka B, Möller JC, "et al" |title=Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale — a proposal for the neurological scoring of Wilson's disease patients |journal=Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |year=2007 |pmid=17330175 |doi=]
* Paraneoplastic syndrome. Neurological symptoms caused by antibodies associated with various cancers.

References


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • parkinsonism — n. A degenerative nervous disorder occurring mostly in persons older than 60 years, characterized in advanced stages by rhythmic muscular tremors, especially in the hands, and by rigidity of movement, a drooping posture, slow speech, and a… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • parkinsonism — PARKINSONÍSM s.n. (med.) Denumire generică pentru sindroame similare cu parkinsonul. – Din fr. parkinsonisme. Trimis de valeriu, 03.02.2004. Sursa: DEX 98  parkinsonísm s. n. Trimis de siveco, 10.08.2004. Sursa: Dicţionar ortografic … …   Dicționar Român

  • parkinsonism — [pär′kin sən iz΄əm] n. [see PARKINSON S DISEASE] 1. any of various brain disorders characterized by muscle rigidity as in Parkinson s disease, with or without tremor 2. PARKINSON S DISEASE parkinsonian adj …   English World dictionary

  • parkinsonism — /pahr kin seuh niz euhm/, n. Pathol. a common neurologic disease believed to be caused by deterioration of the brain cells that produce dopamine, occurring primarily after the age of 60, characterized by tremors, esp. of the fingers and hands,… …   Universalium

  • parkinsonism — akinetic rigid syndrome; n. a clinical picture characterized by tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. The commonest symptom is tremor, which often affects one hand, spreading first to the leg on the same side and then… …   The new mediacal dictionary

  • parkinsonism — 1. A neurologic syndrome usually resulting from deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine as the consequence of degenerative, vascular, or inflammatory changes in the basal ganglia; characterized by rhythmic muscular tremors, rigidity …   Medical dictionary

  • parkinsonism — Palsy Pal sy, n.; pl. {Palsies}. [OE. palesie, parlesy, OF. paralesie, F. paralysie, L. paralysis. See {Paralysis}.] (Med.) Paralysis, complete or partial. See {Paralysis}. One sick of the palsy. Mark ii. 3. [1913 Webster] {Bell s palsy},… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • parkinsonism — /ˈpakənsənɪzəm/ (say pahkuhnsuhnizuhm) noun a condition involving a combination of any of the types of changes in movement seen in Parkinson s disease, as tremor, difficulty with walking, lack of coordination, etc. Also, Parkinsonism …  

  • Parkinsonism — Parkinson s disease ► NOUN ▪ a progressive disease of the brain and nervous system marked by involuntary trembling, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement. DERIVATIVES Parkinsonism noun. ORIGIN named after the English surgeon James… …   English terms dictionary

  • Parkinsonism: Neuroleptic-Induced —    Parkinsonism is a movement disorder involving muscle rigidity, akinesia, and tremor first described in 1817 by the English physician James Parkinson (1755–1824) in his Essay on the Shaking Palsy. In 1954, two Swiss psychiatrists at different… …   Historical dictionary of Psychiatry

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