Supermodel

Supermodel
For the RuPaul song, see Supermodel (You Better Work).
Gisele Bündchen, the world's highest-paid model since 2004.[1][2]

The term supermodel (also spelled super-model,[3][4][5][6][7] super model[8][9][10][11]) refers to a highly-paid fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in haute couture and commercial modeling. The term became prominent in the popular culture of the 1980s.[12] Supermodels usually work for top fashion designers and labels. They have multi-million dollar contracts, endorsements and campaigns. They have branded themselves as household names and worldwide recognition is associated with their modeling careers.[13][14][15][16] They have been on the covers of various magazines. Claudia Schiffer stated, "In order to become a supermodel one must be on all the covers all over the world at the same time so that people can recognise the girls."[17][18]

Contents

History

Origins of term and first supermodel

An early use of the term "supermodel" appeared in 1891 in an interview with artist Henry Stacy Marks for The Strand Magazine, in which Marks told journalist Harry How, "A good many models are addicted to drink, and, after sitting a while, will suddenly go to sleep. Then I have had what I call the 'super' model. You know the sort of man; he goes in for theatrical effect;..."[19] In October 1942, a writer named Judith Cass had used the term "supermodel" for her article in the Chicago Tribune, which headlined "Super Models are Signed for Fashion Show".[20][21] Later in 1943, an agent named Clyde Matthew Dessner used the term in a "how-to" book he wrote about modeling entitled So You Want to Be a Model![22][23] According to Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women by Michael Gross, Gross claimed the term "supermodel" was first used by Dessner. In 1947, anthropologist Harold Sterling Gladwin wrote "supermodel" in his book Men Out of Asia.[24] In 1949, the magazine Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan referred to Anita Colby, the highest paid model at the time,[25] as a "supermodel": "She's been super model, super movie saleswoman, and top brass at Selznick and Paramount."[26]

The term "supermodel" had been used several times in the media in the 1960s and 1970s. In May 1967, the Salisbury Daily Times referred to Twiggy as a supermodel; the February 1968 article of Glamour magazine listed all 19 "supermodels"; the Chicago Daily Defender wrote "New York Designer Turns Super Model" in January 1970; The Washington Post and Mansfield News Journal used the term in 1971; and in 1974 both the Chicago Tribune and The Advocate also used the term "supermodel" in their articles.[20] American Vogue used the term "supermodel" on the cover page to describe Margaux Hemingway in the September 1, 1975 edition.[27] Jet also described Beverly Johnson as a "supermodel" in the December 22, 1977 edition.[28]

In 1979, model Janice Dickinson claimed to have coined the term "supermodel" as a compound of Superman and model.[29] During an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Dickinson stated that her agent Monique Pilar of Elite Model Management asked her, "Janice, who do you think you are, Superman?" She replied saying, "No... I'm a supermodel, honey, and you will refer to me as a supermodel and you will start a supermodel division." Dickinson also claims to be the first supermodel.[29]

Lisa Fonssagrives is widely considered the world's first supermodel.[30][31][32][33][34] She was in most of the major fashion magazines and general interest magazines from the 1930s to the 1950s, including Town & Country, Life, Vogue, the original Vanity Fair, Harper's Bazaar, and Time.[35] Dorian Leigh has also been called the world's first supermodel,[36][37][38] as well as Gia Carangi[39][40] and Jean Shrimpton.[41][42][43][44][45]

1960s-1970s

In February 1968, an article in Glamour described 19 models as "supermodels," of whom were: Cheryl Tiegs, Verushka, Lisa Palmer, Peggy Moffitt, Susan Murray, Twiggy, Susan Harnett, Marisa Berenson, Gretchen Harris, Heide Wiedeck, Irish Bianchi, Hiroko Matsumoto, Anne DeZagher, Kathie Carpenter, Jean Shrimpton, Jean Patchett, Benedetta Barzini, Claudia Duxbury, and Agneta Friedberg.[20][46]

In the 1970s, some models became more prominent as their names became more recognizable to the general public. Sports Illustrated editor Jule Campbell abandoned then-current modeling trends for its fledgling Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue by photographing "bigger and healthier" California models[47] and printing their names by their photos, thus turning many of them into household names and establishing the issue as a cornerstone of supermodel status.[47]

In 1975, Margaux Hemingway landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of Fabergé's Babe perfume and the same year appeared on the cover of Time magazine, labelled one of the "New Beauties," giving further name recognition to fashion models.[48]

Lauren Hutton[49] became the first model to receive a huge contract from a cosmetics company and appeared on cover of Vogue 25 times.[50] Iman is considered to have been the first supermodel of color.[51]

Donyale Luna became the first African American model to appear in Vogue,[52] Naomi Sims, who is sometimes regarded as the first black supermodel, became the first African American to feature on the cover of Ladies' Home Journal in 1968.[53] The first African American model to be on the cover of American Vogue was Beverly Johnson in 1974.[54]

1980s

Christie Brinkley

In the early 1980s, Inès de la Fressange was the first model to sign an exclusive modeling contract with an haute couture fashion house, Chanel.[55] During the early 1980s, fashion designers began advertising on television and billboards. Catwalk regulars like Gia Carangi,[56] Cheryl Tiegs,[56] Carol Alt, Christie Brinkley,[15][57] Kim Alexis,[56] Paulina Porizkova, Brooke Shields, Heather Locklear, and Elle Macpherson began to endorse products with their names, as well as their faces, through the marketing of brands such as the beverage Diet Pepsi to the extension of car title Ford Trucks. As the models began to embrace old-style glamour, they were starting to replace film stars as symbols of luxury and wealth. In this regard, supermodels were viewed not so much as individuals but as images.[58]

1990s

Linda Evangelista

By the 1990s, the supermodel became increasingly prominent in the media.[59] The title became tantamount to superstar, to signify a supermodel's fame having risen simply from "personality." Supermodels did talk shows, were cited in gossip columns, partied at the trendiest nightspots,[58] landed movie roles, inspired franchises, dated or married film stars, and earned themselves millions.[15] Fame empowered them to take charge of their careers, to market themselves, and to command higher fees.

When Linda Evangelista mentioned to Vogue that "we don’t wake up for less than $10,000 a day," she may have been playfully pretending the role of an up-scale union representative, but the 1990 comment became the most notorious quote in modeling history. The defining year and turning point for models, fashion, and popular culture was 1990 when the combined power, beauty and influence of 5 women created such an impression on the world that a new word was coined especially for them: supermodel. 1990 began with a January British Vogue cover presenting five of the top modeling stars of the era hand-picked and photographed by Peter Lindbergh.[60] The now famous cover created such a stir, pop star George Michael cast the same five models in his music video for his international hit song, "Freedom! '90." The five models were Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, and Tatjana Patitz.[61] In 1990, their status as top models ended and a new era for the supermodel began. Each attained world-wide fame and fortune, sharing covers of all the international editions of Vogue, walking the catwalks for the world's top designers, and becoming known by their first names alone.[62]

In 1991, Christy Turlington signed a contract with Maybelline that paid her $800,000 for twelve days' work each year. Four years later, Claudia Schiffer reportedly earned $12 million for her various modeling assignments.[58] Authorities ranging from Karl Lagerfeld to Time had declared the supermodels more glamorous than movie stars.

As the 1990s progressed, the supermodels were joined by Claudia Schiffer and then Kate Moss. They were the most heavily in demand, collectively dominating magazine covers, fashion runways, editorial pages, and both print and broadcast advertising.[59][58][63] Excluding Moss, they are known as the "original supermodels".[18][64][65]

Laetitia Casta.

In the late 1990s, actresses, pop singers, and other entertainment celebrities began gradually replacing models on fashion magazine covers and ad campaigns.[66] The pendulum of limelight left many models in anonymity. A popular "conspiracy theory" explaining the supermodel's disappearance is that designers and fashion editors grew weary of the "I won't get out of bed for less than $10,000 a day" attitude and made sure no small group of models would ever again have the power of the Big Six.[63]

Charles Gandee, associate editor at Vogue, has said that high prices and poor attitudes contributed less to the decline of the supermodel. As clothes became less flashy, designers turned to models who were less glamorous, so they wouldn't overpower the clothing.[63] Whereas many supermodels of the previous era were American-born, their accents making for an easier transition to stardom,[15] the majority of models began coming from non-English speaking countries and cultures,[67] making the crossover to mainstream spokesperson and cover star difficult.[68] However, the term continued to be applied to notable models such as Laetitia Casta,[69][70] Eva Herzigová,[71] Carla Bruni,[72] Tatiana Sorokko,[73][74] Nadja Auermann,[75] Helena Christensen,[76] Patricia Velásquez,[77] Adriana Karembeu,[78][79] and Milla Jovovich.[80]

2000s and present day

Emerging in the late 1990s, Gisele Bündchen became the first in a wave of Brazilian models to gain popularity in the industry and with the public. With numerous covers of Vogue under her belt, including an issue that dubbed her the "Return of the Sexy Model," Bündchen was credited with ending the "heroin chic" era of models.[81] Following in her footsteps by signing contracts with Victoria's Secret, fellow Brazilians Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to prominence; however, this "new trinity" were unable to cross over into the world of TV, movies and talk shows as easily as their predecessors due to their foreign accents.[15] Several seasons later, they were followed by Eastern Europeans barely into their teens, pale, and "bordering on anorexic. They were too young to become movie stars or date celebrities; too skeletal to bag Victoria's Secret contracts; and a lack of English didn't bode well for a broad media career".[15] The opportunities for super-stardom were waning in the modeling world, and models like Heidi Klum and Tyra Banks took to television with reality shows like Project Runway and America's Next Top Model, respectively, to not only remain relevant but establish themselves as media moguls.[15]

Contrary to the fashion industry's celebrity trend of the previous decade, lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret continues to groom and launch young talents into supermodel status, awarding their high-profile "Angels" multi-year, multi-million-dollar contracts.[15] In addition to Klum, Banks, Bündchen, Lima, and Ambrosio, these models have included Karolína Kurková, Miranda Kerr, Selita Ebanks, and Marisa Miller. Although some, such as Claudia Schiffer, argued that Bündchen is the only model who comes close to earning the supermodel title,[82][83]

American Vogue dubbed ten models (Doutzen Kroes, Agyness Deyn, Hilary Rhoda, Raquel Zimmermann, Coco Rocha, Lily Donaldson, Chanel Iman, Sasha Pivovarova, Caroline Trentini, and Jessica Stam) as the new crop of supermodels in their May 2007 cover story,[84] while the likes of Christie Brinkley, Christy Turlington, and Linda Evangelista returned to reclaim prominent contracts from celebrities and younger models.[15]

Criticism

Criticism of the supermodel as an industry has been frequent inside and outside the fashion press, from complaints that women desiring this status become unhealthily thin to charges of racism, where the "supermodel" has generally to conform to a Northern European standard of beauty. According to fashion writer Guy Trebay of The New York Times, in 2007, the "android" look is popular, a vacant stare and thin body serving, according to some fashion industry conventions, to set off the couture. This was not always the case. In the 1970s, black, heavier and "ethnic" models predominated the runways but social changes since that time have made the power players in the fashion industry flee suggestions of "otherness".[85]

The popular media often applies the term loosely to some who fall short of supermodel status. Geraldine Maillet, the celebrated French writer and former model, relates with humour and cynicism the rise and decline of the supermodels in her book Presque Top Model.

See also

References

  1. ^ The 20 Richest Women In Entertainment/Forbes (magazine).
  2. ^ MelanieHick. "Top ten highest paid models". Thevine.com.au. http://www.thevine.com.au/fashion/photos/top-ten-highest-paid-models.aspx. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  3. ^ "Super-model enjoys private life". Kitchener-Waterloo Record. 2 April 1991. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/514220031.html?dids=514220031:514220031&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+02%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=Super-model+enjoys+private+life&pqatl=google. 
  4. ^ "Two more companies drop super-model Kate Moss". CBC News. 21 September 2005. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2005/09/21/more_drop_Moss20050921.html. 
  5. ^ "Super-model turned into super-spy". Ettoday.com. 4 October 2004. http://www.ettoday.com/2004/10/04/11195-1694320.htm. 
  6. ^ Schoolman, Judith (7 September 2001). "Estee Lauder Signs Super-Model to Present Fresh Look". Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-77922288.html. 
  7. ^ "WHICH SUPER-MODEL WAS MOBBED BY MALE FANS AT MACY'S? GUESS". San Jose Mercury News. 13 October 1990. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7333D036C9474&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. 
  8. ^ "World Super Model". World Super Model. http://www.worldsupermodel.org/. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  9. ^ Onyema, Ada (19 December 2009). "Being Nigeria’s Next Super Model has brought me nothing but tears and sorrow –Cynthia Omorodion". The Punch. http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art200912193484843. 
  10. ^ "Hello boys: It's Cindy Crawford, still a super model at 40". Daily Mail. 8 June 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-460546/Hello-boys-Its-Cindy-Crawford-super-model-40.html. 
  11. ^ "Courtney Love confesses to an affair with Kate Moss". Fox News blog. 20 May 2010. http://entertainment.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/05/20/courtney-love-confesses-to-an-affair-with-kate-moss/. 
  12. ^ "Christie Brinkley biography". New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/8503/Christie-Brinkley/biography. Retrieved 2008-07-02. 
  13. ^ Supermodel by Heidi Klum randomhouse.com. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
  14. ^ Model Citizens ew.com. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The World's Top-Earning Models-Forbes Magazine". Forbes.com. 2007-07-19. http://www.forbes.com/2007/07/19/models-media-bundchen-biz-media-cz_kb_0716topmodels.html. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  16. ^ New Model Army by Kate Patrick, The Scotsman May 21, 2005 online retrieved July 7, 2006
  17. ^ Is the Supermodel Dead? And Should She Return? Retrieved September 14, 2007.
  18. ^ a b "The supermodel is dead, says Claudia Schiffer". thisislondon.co.uk. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23410897-details/The+supermodel+is+dead,+says+Claudia+Schiffer/article.do. Retrieved September 17, 2007. 
  19. ^ Harry How (July to December 1891). Geo. Newnes. ed. "Illustrated Interviews. No. II. - Henry Stacy Marks, R.A.". The Strand Magazine 2: 118. http://books.google.com/books?id=UeIvAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22super%20model%22&pg=PA118. Retrieved August 11, 2011. 
  20. ^ a b c BarryPopik.com Supermodel July 25, 2004
  21. ^ Chicago Tribune archives Cass, Judith. Chicago Daily Tribune "'Super' Models Are Signed for Fashion Show" October 6, 1942. pg 21.
  22. ^ So You Want to Be a Model! The Art of Feminine Living Dessner, Clyde Matthew. Chicago, Morgan-Dillon & Co, 1943. Amazon ASIN:B0007EL7RY
  23. ^ Popik, Barry (August 13, 1997). "Supermodels". Americandialect.org. http://www.americandialect.org/americandialectarchives/aug97103.html. "She will be a super-model, but the girl in her will be like the girl in you--quite ordinary, but ambitious and eager for personal development" 
  24. ^ Gladwin, Harold Sterling (1947). Men Out of Asia. p. 339. http://books.google.com/books?ei=WdNETueJBIqzsAKRg4mHBg&ct=result&id=ID6xAAAAIAAJ&q=supermodel. 
  25. ^ "Cinema: Cover Girl". Time. January 8, 1945. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775317,00.html. Retrieved August 11, 2011. 
  26. ^ Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan. 126. 1949. p. 33. http://books.google.com/books?ei=_ypETufMK6WnsALS7PWzCQ&ct=result&id=G7VXAAAAMAAJ&dq=anita+colby+super-model&q=%22super+model%22. Retrieved August 11, 2011. "She's been super model, super movie saleswoman, and top brass at Selznick and Paramount" 
  27. ^ Vogue cover scan. September 1, 1975 edition. Archived from Ebay.co.uk. Subheadline says, "New York's new supermodel, Margaux Hemingway".
  28. ^ Jet Magazine December 22, 1977. "Words of the Week: Beverly Johnson". Vol. 53, No. 14, page 40.
  29. ^ a b Dickinson, Janice. Instinct Magazine: Janice Dickinson Archived from original link. 2006-06-01. InstinctMagazine.com Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  30. ^ The World's First Supermodel Art-is-life.com
  31. ^ Rosemary Ranck (February 9, 1997). The First Supermodel. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E2DE153DF93AA35751C0A961958260. Retrieved July 21, 2007. 
  32. ^ "Christian Dior: Lisa Fonssagrives lives". China Daily. 2008-07-01. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2008-07/01/content_6809682.htm. 
  33. ^ Singh, Anita (13 November 2008). "Photographs of Angelina Jolie, Kate Moss and Britney Spears for sale at Christie's". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/3452390/Photographs-of-Angelina-Jolie-Kate-Moss-and-Britney-Spears-for-sale-at-Christies.html. 
  34. ^ Cheesman, Chris (2007-10-19). "Pictures: Original stills from JFK assassination revealed". Amateur Photographer. http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/news/Pictures_Worlds_first_supermodel_Original_1963_stills_from_JFK_assassination_revaled_news_150431.html. 
  35. ^ Johnson, Geoffrey (March 2010). "On the life and work of photographer Beatrice Tonnesen". Chicagomag.com. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2010/On-the-life-and-work-of-photographer-Beatrice-Tonnesen/. 
  36. ^ "Archetypal supermodel was more than a face". The Australian. 2008-07-16. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/executive-lifestyle/archetypal-supermodel-was-more-than-a-face/story-e6frg8k6-1111116922247. 
  37. ^ "World's first supermodel dies". Metro.co.uk. 2008-07-11. http://www.metro.co.uk/news/world/215214-worlds-first-supermodel-dies. 
  38. ^ Bumpus, Jessica (2008-07-14). "Dorian Leigh Remembered". Vogue. http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/080714-dorian-leigh-remembered.aspx. 
  39. ^ Vallely, Paul (2005-09-10). "Gia: The tragic tale of the world's first supermodel". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article311535.ece. Retrieved 2007-05-28. 
  40. ^ Carolin, Louise. "Gia - the tragedy of a lesbian supermodel". Diva. http://www.divamag.co.uk/diva/features.asp?AID=2076. Retrieved 2008-01-17. 
  41. ^ Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. p. 430. ISBN 0740751182. http://books.google.com/books?id=b1ruwF6xYNIC&pg=PA430&dq=jean+shrimpton+first+supermodel&cd=5#v=onepage&q=jean%20shrimpton%20first%20supermodel&f=false. 
  42. ^ Busch, Charles (24 January 1995). "He's Every Woman". The Advocate: p.60. http://books.google.com/books?id=5WMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=jean+shrimpton+first+supermodel&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22world's%20first%20supermodel%22&f=false. 
  43. ^ Magee, Antonia (28 October 2009). "Model Jean Shrimpton recollects the stir she caused on Victoria Derby Day in 1965". Herald Sun. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/special-reports/model-jean-shrimpton-recollects-the-stir-she-caused-on-victoria-derby-day-in-1965/story-e6frf8wx-1225792003365. 
  44. ^ Susan Cohen, Christine Cosgrove (2009). Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry's Quest to Manipulate Height. ISBN 1585426830. http://books.google.com/books?id=N8q9VJEWYewC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=jean+shrimpton+5'10%22&source=bl&ots=HDRQwL-EKI&sig=czfnOZqg0EwwSf7ZS8x2iIayQaw&hl=en&ei=3ZbbS4TnFZP0M4XxtL0H&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAUQ6AEwADge#v=onepage&q=jean%20shrimpton%205'10%22&f=false. 
  45. ^ "Jean Shrimpton In Melbourne". Milesago.com. http://www.milesago.com/Features/shrimpton.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  46. ^ Cokal, Susann. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. 1999. Michigan: Gale Group.
  47. ^ a b Curtis, Bryan (2005-02-16). "The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue: An intellectual history". Slate. Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. http://www.slate.com/id/2113612/. Retrieved 2007-11-11. 
  48. ^ Fonseca, Nicholas (2001-06-29). "Entertainment Weekly: ''Papa's Little Girl''". Ew.com. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,256227,00.html. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  49. ^ Barron, James (September 24, 1995). "SIGNOFF; Maybe Late-Night Success Is About The Smile". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/24/tv/signoff-maybe-late-night-success-is-about-the-smile.html. Retrieved September 6, 2009. 
  50. ^ IMDB Bio of Lauren Hutton
  51. ^ Iman: Supermodel and Beauty Innovator, Teenvogue.com
  52. ^ "British Vogue - Cover Search, March 1966". Vogue.co.uk. 2011-02-01. http://www.vogue.co.uk/magazine/issue.aspx/Front-Cover/Year,1966/Month,March/Model,Donyale%20Luna/Editor,Beatrix%20Miller/Photographer,David%20Bailey/Search,Year/. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  53. ^ Wilson, Eric (3 августа 2009). "Naomi Sims, 61, Pioneering Cover Girl, Is Dead" (in en). The New York Times (New York). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/04/fashion/04sims.html?scp=304&sq=supermodel&st=cse. Retrieved 15 июля 2011. 
  54. ^ Joy Sewing Beverly Johnson's got the right attitude The Houston Chronicle, Retrieved August 23, 2009
  55. ^ Paris Haute Couture Fashion Week: Gaultier’s 51-Year-Old Runway Star: Inès de la Fressange
  56. ^ a b c Justine Elias (January 25, 1998). "A Chic Heroine, but Not a Pretty Story". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/25/tv/cover-story-a-chic-heroine-but-not-a-pretty-story.html. Retrieved May 24, 2010. 
  57. ^ "Christie Brinkley's biography in the New York Times". Movies.nytimes.com. 1954-02-02. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/8503/Christie-Brinkley/biography. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  58. ^ a b c d 1980s: Fashion: Supermodels bookrags.com. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  59. ^ a b We Three Queens by Alex Williams, New York online retrieved July 7, 2006
  60. ^ Brown, Laura (March 2009). "Classic Lindbergh - Responsible for defining the era of the supermodel". Harper's Bazaar. 
  61. ^ Leisa, Barnett. "Those Jeans Look Super". www.Vogue.com.uk. http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2007-07/070716-those-jeans-look-super.aspx. Retrieved July 16, 2007. 
  62. ^ Saner, Ermine (2009-01-15). "The Forgotten Supermodel". The Guardian UK: page 12, G2 section. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/15/fashion-supermodel-vogue-tatjana-patitz. 
  63. ^ a b c The Fall of the Supermodel Time. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  64. ^ "Linda Evangelista". YOU.com.au. http://you.com.au/model/linda_evangelista.htm. Retrieved October 8, 2007. 
  65. ^ "Supermodel's life in the spotlight". BBC News. March 27, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1896447.stm. Retrieved October 7, 2007. 
  66. ^ Death of the Supermodels by C. L. Johnson, Urban Models October 21, 2002 online retrieved July 13, 2006
  67. ^ Who will be the next Super Model ? (NY Times)[dead link]
  68. ^ Industry Report: Elite Plus models.com. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  69. ^ "Laetitia Casta - SUPERMODEL". Newfaces.com. 1978-05-11. http://www.newfaces.com/supermodels/supermodels/laetitia.html. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  70. ^ Laetitia Casta, égérie de Ralph Lauren, Next-Libération, 9 july 2008
  71. ^ Supermodel Eva Herzigova writes for Vogue Paris Match
  72. ^ Sarkozy and the Supermodel Time (magazine)
  73. ^ Supermodel Tatiana Sorokko Couture Exhibit Harper's Bazaar
  74. ^ Tatiana Sorokko on The Martha Stewart Show Martha Stewart Show
  75. ^ Menkes, Suzy (2 December 2008). "In Milan: Avedon's work for Versace". The New York Times (New York). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/style/22iht-Ravedon.4.10312377.html. Retrieved 5 February 2011. 
  76. ^ Helena Christensen: on supermodels and posing nude at 40 The Daily Telegraph
  77. ^ [1], [[United Nations Radio, 9 August 2009
  78. ^ Skoda prend ses aises avec Adriana Karembeu, Stratégies, 28 february 2003
  79. ^ 'Wonderbras are safe' says Adriana, BBC, 12 august 1998
  80. ^ Milla Jovovich s'est mariée, Paris Match, 24 august 2009
  81. ^ Gisele Bündchen. "Celebrity Central: Gisele Bundchen biography". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/gisele_bundchen/biography. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  82. ^ "Death of the supermodel". Vogue.co.uk. 2007-09-04. http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2007-09/070904-death-of-the-supermodel.aspx. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  83. ^ "Claudia Schiffer: Supermodels Are Extinct". Toronto.fashion-monitor.com. 2006-10-22. http://toronto.fashion-monitor.com/news.php/fashion_models/2007090510Claudia-Schiffer. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
  84. ^ Vogue's ten covergirls bring personality and attitude to spring's eye-popping prints. Are we witnessing the return of the model? Jonathan Van Meter reports
  85. ^ On runways, racial diversity is out Author: Guy Trebay, International Herald Tribune, 23 October 2007.

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • supermodel — 1978, from SUPER (Cf. super ) + MODEL (Cf. model) …   Etymology dictionary

  • supermodel — ► NOUN ▪ a very successful and famous fashion model …   English terms dictionary

  • supermodel — [so͞o′pərmäd΄ l] n. a very prominent and highly paid fashion model …   English World dictionary

  • Supermodel — Weibliches Model (Gisele Bündchen) auf dem Laufsteg Model (aus dem Englischen, Aussprache mit kurzem, offenem „o“ und ohne „e“) (auch Mannequin [ manəkɛ̃], seltener Modell) ist ein Beruf, dessen Hauptaufgabe die direkte oder indirekte… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • supermodel — UK [ˈsuːpə(r)ˌmɒd(ə)l] / US [ˈsupərˌmɑd(ə)l] noun [countable] Word forms supermodel : singular supermodel plural supermodels a very famous fashion model who earns a lot of money …   English dictionary

  • supermodel — [[t]su͟ːpə(r)mɒd(ə)l[/t]] supermodels N COUNT A supermodel is a very famous fashion model …   English dictionary

  • Supermodel of the world — «Supermodel of the world» (рус. Супермодель года) ежегодный международный конкурс моделей, также известный как «Ford Supermodel of the Year», один из самых крупных в модельном бизнесе. Основан Эйлин Форд в 1980 году. В конкурсе принимают участие… …   Википедия

  • Supermodel of the World (contest) — Supermodel of the World (Ford Supermodel of the Year, formerly, Face of the 80s) is the biggest modeling contest in the world. Established by Eileen Ford in 1980 it searches the pre eminent female model in over 50 countries to find fashion s… …   Wikipedia

  • Supermodel of the World — (Ford Supermodel of the Year, ehemals Face of the 80s) ist der größte Model Wettbewerb der Welt. 1980 von Eileen Ford begründet, sucht er Jahr für Jahr in mehr als 50 Ländern das überragende weibliche Model und die neuesten Gesichter für die Mode …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Supermodel of the World — Supermodel of the World, est un concours de beauté annuel féminine, destiné aux jeunes femmes internationales. Historique Le concours est créé en 1980 par Eileen Ford, avec son agence de mannequinat Ford Models. Palmarès 1981 Annette Stai …   Wikipédia en Français

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”