Nicholas Gilman

Nicholas Gilman
Nicholas Gilman, Jr.
United States Senator
from New Hampshire
In office
March 4, 1805 – May 2, 1814
Preceded by Simeon Olcott
Succeeded by Thomas W. Thompson
Personal details
Born August 3, 1755(1755-08-03)
Exeter, New Hampshire
Died May 2, 1814(1814-05-02) (aged 58)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Political party Democratic-Republican
Residence Exeter, New Hampshire
Occupation merchant, state treasurer, U.S. Representative At-large
Religion Congregationalist
Signature

Nicholas Gilman, Jr. (August 3, 1755 – May 2, 1814) was a soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, a delegate to the Continental Congress, and a signer of the U.S. Constitution, representing New Hampshire. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives during the first four Congresses, and served in the U.S. Senate from 1804 until his death in 1814.

His brother John Taylor Gilman was also very active in New Hampshire politics, serving as Governor of New Hampshire for 14 years, as well as a principal benefactor of Phillips Exeter Academy.

Contents

Family background and early life

Order by Nicholas Gilman, Treasurer of New Hampshire, Exeter, 1781

Gilman was the second son in a family of eight children. Born during the French and Indian War, he was soon aware of the military responsibilities that went with citizenship in a New England colony. After attending local public schools, he became a clerk in his father's trading house, but the growing rift between the colonies and Great Britain quickly thrust Gilman into the struggle for independence. New England merchants in particular resented Parliament's attempt to end its "salutary neglect" of the financial and political affairs of the colonies by instituting measures to raise and to enforce the raising of revenue-measures that many Americans considered violations of their rights as British citizens. Gilman's father, along with Nathaniel Folsom and Enoch Poor, emerged as a leader of the Patriot cause in Exeter.

He represented his community in the New Hampshire Provincial Congresses, which met just after hostilities broke out at Lexington and Concord in 1775 and which later drafted the one hundred and thirty eight state constitution. During the American Revolution he served as the state's treasurer. His oldest son, John, was a sergeant in Exeter's company of militia that marched to fight the Redcoats around Boston. Nicholas remained behind, but already an ardent supporter of the Patriot cause, he likely trained with the local militia regiment.

He was thirty-two at the constitutional convention. The state he represented is New Hampshire. Nicholas Gilman was a strong federalist.

Revolutionary War

In November 1776, a committee of the state legislature appointed young Nicholas Gilman to serve as adjutant, or administrative officer, of the 3rd New Hampshire Regiment. That unit was in the process of a complete reorganization under the direction of its commander, Colonel Alexander Scammel. A superb combat officer, Scammell made good use of Gilman's administrative talents in the task of creating a potent fighting force out of the limited manpower resources at hand-a combination of raw recruits from around the state and ragged veterans of the Trenton-Princeton campaign. In time the 3rd New Hampshire would be recognized as one of the mainstays of General Washington's Continental Army.

Because New Hampshire lay along the major invasion route from Canada to New York, George Washington assigned its regiments a key role in the strategic defense of the northern states. In the spring of 1777 Gilman and the rest of the officers and men of the 3d New Hampshire marched to Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain to participate in an attempt by American forces to halt the advance of a powerful army of British and German regulars and Indian auxiliaries under General John Burgoyne. Difficulties in coordinating the efforts of several different states turned Gilman's first military experience into one of defeat. The veteran British troops outflanked the fort, and only at the last minute did the garrison, including the 3d New Hampshire, escape capture by making a dangerous night withdrawal.

Portrait miniature of Gilman painted by John Ramage, c. 1790. Winterthur Museum

The American retreat lasted through the early summer, until a combination of British transportation difficulties and delaying tactics employed by the continentals finally slowed the enemy advance. This delay allowed time for a mass mobilization of New England militia, including a New Hampshire Regiment of volunteers led by John Langdon and Gilman's father. It also provided Major General Horatio Gates with time to establish new positions near Saratoga, New York, to block Burgoyne's further advance, and then, once Gates had a numerical advantage, to cut off the British line of withdrawal to Canada. During this campaign Gilman was busily employed in supervising the training and readiness of Scammell's men. He participated with his unit in two important battles at Freeman's Farm, where Burgoyne's units were so pummeled that "Gentleman Johnny" was eventually forced to surrender his whole army.

Neither Gilman nor Scammell was granted a respite after this great victory. Less than a week after the British surrender, the 3rd New Hampshire set out to reinforce Washington's main army near Philadelphia. The American capital had recently fallen to a larger British force, and the New Englanders had to spend a harsh winter in the snows of Valley Forge. That winter encampment put the units of the Continental Army to their supreme test, a time of suffering and deprivation from which they emerged as a tough, professional combat team. Gilman's administrative skills came to the fore at this time. When Washington selected Colonel Scammell to serve as the Continental Army's Adjutant General, Scammell made Gilman his assistant. Promotion to the rank of captain followed in June 1778.

For the remainder of the war Gilman found himself in close proximity to the military leaders of the Continental Army. His duties in carrying out the myriad tasks necessary to keep a force in the field placed him in daily contact with Washington, Steuben, Knox, Greene, and others. He personally saw action in the remaining battles fought by Washington's main army, including Monmouth and Yorktown, while continuing to hold his captain's commission in the New Hampshire Line. The death of Colonel Scammell, however, during the preliminary skirmishing before Yorktown robbed him of much of the joy of that great victory. Following the death of his father in late 1783, he retired from military service and returned to Exeter to assume control of the family's business.

Statesman

Exeter, New Hampshire, home of Hon. Nicholas Gilman

Gilman's career as merchant proved short-lived. His career as statesman continued for decades. Gilman's service as a Continental Army officer had exposed him to many of the ideas of such prominent nationalists as Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Their influence, his family's own tradition of service, and his special skill at organization all combined to divert the young veteran into a political career. In 1786 the New Hampshire legislature appointed Gilman to the Continental Congress. He was also selected in 1786 to represent the state at the Annapolis Convention. Although he was unable to attend, his selection recognized Gilman's emergence as a nationalist spokesman, since the convention had been called specifically to address the country's serious economic problems and the inability of the separate states or Congress to solve them.

The outbreak of unrest and latent insurrection in western Massachusetts in late 1786 further strengthened Gilman's commitment to changing the Articles of Confederation. He was pleased to serve his state as a representative at the Constitutional Convention that met in July 1787. Although he and fellow New Hampshire delegate John Langdon, his father's former commanding officer, reached Philadelphia after the proceedings were well under way, they both immediately joined in the debates and helped hammer out the compromises needed to produce a document that might win approval in every state and region.

General orders of George Washington: The bottom section (24 May 1779) names Captain Nicholas Gilman, of the Third New Hampshire Regiment as assistant to the adjutant general

During the subsequent struggle to secure New Hampshire's ratification of the Constitution, Gilman remained in New York as a member of the Continental Congress, but he kept in close touch with his brother, John, who was one of the leaders of the states ratification forces. Working in tandem, the brothers used all of their considerable political influence to engineer a narrow 57-47 margin of victory in the final vote.

When the First Congress of the new United States of America convened in New York in 1789, Gilman was in attendance as a member of the House of Representatives, a seat he filled for four terms. During this period the Gilman brothers became a feature of New Hampshire politics. John Gilman became governor, a post he would hold for fourteen terms, while a younger brother embarked on a career in the state legislature. After returning to Exeter, Nicholas Gilman resumed his own political career in 1800, serving a term as state senator.

During this time Gilman's political loyalties began to change. Ever a staunch nationalist, he had supported the Federalists while that party led the fight for a more binding union of the states. But once that concept was firmly established, Gilman became increasingly concerned with the need to protect the common man from abuses of power by government. As a consequence, he gave his support to the Democratic-Republican party that was beginning to form around Thomas Jefferson. In 1801 he accepted appointment from Jefferson as a federal bankruptcy commissioner. Following one unsuccessful attempt, he was then elected to the United States Senate in 1804 as a Jeffersonian. Although the New Hampshire Yankee rarely spoke at length in legislative debate, his peers recognized his political prowess. He remained an influential member of the Senate until his death in 1814, which occurred while he was returning home from Washington during a recess.

Gilman summarized his belief in the importance of a strong national government on the day after he signed the Constitution. He called the new supreme law of the land "the best that could meet the unanimous concurrence of the States in Convention; it was done by bargain and Compromise, yet, notwithstanding its imperfections, on the adoption of it depends (in my feeble judgment) whether we shall become a respectable nation, or a people torn to pieces ... and rendered contemptible for ages." These modest words typified this eminently practical Soldier-Statesman. Yet his modesty failed to mask the justifiable pride he obviously felt in the accomplishment of the Founding Fathers. Gilman himself had played no small part.

See also

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

External links

United States Senate
Preceded by
Simeon Olcott
United States Senator (Class 2) from New Hampshire
1805–1814
Served alongside: William Plumer, Nahum Parker, Charles Cutts
Succeeded by
Thomas W. Thompson

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Gilman — Gilman, a surname, may refer to:PeopleFirst name*Gilman Marston, a United States Senator from New HampshireMiddle name*George Gilman Fogg, a United States Senator from New Hampshireurname*Alfred G. Gilman, Nobel Prize winning scientist *Arthur… …   Wikipedia

  • Gilman — ist der Name mehrerer Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Gilman (Colorado) Gilman (Illinois) Gilman (Iowa) Gilman (Minnesota) Gilman (Vermont) Gilman (Wisconsin) Gilman Township (Osceola County, Iowa) Gilman ist der Familienname folgender Personen …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Charles J. Gilman — (1859) Charles Jervis Gilman (* 26. Februar 1824 in Exeter, New Hampshire; † 5. Februar 1901 in Brunswick, Maine) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1857 und 1859 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Mai …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • John Taylor Gilman — (* 19. Dezember 1753 in Exeter, New Hampshire; † 1. September 1828 ebd.) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker und von 1794 bis 1805 sowie zwischen 1813 und 1816 Gouverneur des Bundesstaates New Hampshire. Zwischen 1782 und 1783 war er Mitglied des …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Charles J. Gilman — Charles Jervis Gilman (February 26, 1824 February 5, 1901) was a U.S. Representative from Maine, grandnephew of John Taylor Gilman and Nicholas Gilman. Charles Jervis Gilman Born in Exeter, New Hampshire, Gilman attended Phillips Exeter Academy,… …   Wikipedia

  • Ladd-Gilman House — Infobox nrhp | name =Ladd Gilman House nrhp type =nhl caption = location= 12 Water Street, Exeter, New Hampshire lat degrees = 42 lat minutes = 58 lat seconds = 54 lat direction = N long degrees = 70 long minutes = 56 long seconds = 57 long… …   Wikipedia

  • Winthrop Sargent Gilman — (1808 1884) was head of the banking house of Gilman, Son Co. in New York City. He was born in Marietta, Ohio to merchant Benjamin Ives Gilman and Hannah (Robbins) Gilman. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPaBPe6wPfcC pg=PA21 lpg=PA21… …   Wikipedia

  • Exeter, New Hampshire — Infobox Settlement official name = Exeter, New Hampshire nickname = motto = image imagesize = image caption = mapsize = 250px map caption = Location in Rockingham County, New Hampshire settlement type = Town mapsize1 = map caption1 = subdivision… …   Wikipedia

  • List of United States political families (G) — The following is an alphabetical list of political families in the United States whose last name begins with G.The Gales*George Gale (1756 1815), U.S. Representative from Maryland 1789 1791. Father of Levin Gale.… …   Wikipedia

  • American Independence Museum — The American Independence Museum is located in Exeter, New Hampshire. Its one acre campus includes the Ladd Gilman House (1721), a registered National Historic Landmark, and the Folsom Tavern (c. 1775).The museum s mission is to be a place for… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”