Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer

Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer painted by John Hesselius, c. 1760–70.

Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer^[1] (1723 – 16 November 1790) was a politician and a Founding Father of the United States. Born long before conflicts with Great Britain emerged, he was a leader for many years in Maryland's colonial government. However, when conflict arose with Great Britain, he embraced the Patriot cause, willingly abandoning the ordered society of colonial Maryland for the uncertainty of revolution.

Early life and colonial career

Jenifer, born at Coates Retirement (now Ellerslie), an estate west of Port Tobacco in Charles County, Maryland, was the son of a colonial planter of Swedish and English descent. As a young man, he acted as a receiver-general, the local financial agent for the last two proprietors of Maryland.

Jenifer served as justice of the peace for Charles County and later for the western circuit of Maryland. He sat on a commission that settled a boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Maryland (1760) and on the Governor's Council, the upper house of the Maryland legislature that also served as the colony's court of appeals and as a board of senior advisers to the governor (1773–76).

American Revolution

Despite his close ties with the colonial government, Jenifer strongly resented what he and most of the colonial gentry saw as Parliament's arbitrary interference with the colonies' affairs, especially its laws concerning taxation and trade regulation. Years before the struggle for independence began, he had defended the proprietors of Maryland against those who sought to make Maryland a Royal colony, and when the Revolution came he lent his considerable support as a wealthy landowner to the Patriot cause, despite the fact that many leading Patriots had been his enemies in the proprietorship struggle. He became the president of Maryland's Council of Safety, the Patriot body established to organize Maryland's military forces for the Revolution (1775–77). When, in 1776, a new constitution was framed for the state of Maryland, Jenifer commented on the document's neglect of popular sovereignty: "The Senate does not appear to me to be a Child of the people at Large, and therefore will not be Supported by them longer than there Subsists the most perfect Union between the different Legislative branches." He represented his state in the Continental Congress (1778–82) while simultaneously serving as president of the state's first senate (1777–80). As manager of the state's finances between 1782 and 1785, he drew on his experiences as a landholder to help the state survive the critical postwar economic depression.

During these years, Jenifer became increasingly concerned with national affairs. Along with James Madison, John Dickinson, and his good friend George Washington, he began to explore ways to solve the economic and political problems that had arisen under the weak Articles of Confederation. Consequently, he attended the Mount Vernon Conference, a meeting that would lead eventually to the Constitutional Convention.

Constitutional Convention

Like his old friend Benjamin Franklin, Jenifer enjoyed the status of elder statesman at the Convention. He took stands on several important issues, although his advanced age restricted his activity in the day-to-day proceedings. Business experience gained while managing a large plantation had convinced him that an active central government was needed to ensure financial and commercial stability. To that end, he favored a strong and permanent union of the states in which a Congress representing the people had the power to tax. Concerned with continuity in the new government, he favored a three-year term for the United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives. Too frequent elections, he concluded, might lead to indifference and would make prominent men unwilling to seek office. Jenifer was outvoted on this point, but his reaction was to marvel at the delegates' ability to come to agreement on a plan of government: "The first month we only came to grips, and the second it seemed as though we would fly apart forever, however we came as close as friends of eighty years in but days."

One of the oldest delegates in Constitutional Convention, he used his prestige to work for a strong and permanent union of the states. Contemporaries noted his good humor and pleasant company, which won him many friends at the Convention. When Luther Martin, who refused to sign the document, said that he feared being hanged if the people of Maryland approved the Constitution, Jenifer told him, humorously, that Martin should stay in Philadelphia, so that he would not hang in his home state. Along with Benjamin Franklin, Jenifer used laughter to help reconcile the opposing views of the delegates and to formulate the compromises that made the Convention a success. The Convention took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Convention was made to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was from the outset to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution. The Convention is one of the central events in the history of the United States.

Death and legacy

After the Convention, Jenifer retired to Stepney, his great plantation near Annapolis, where he died in 1790. In his will, he passed his roughly 16,000-acre (65 km²) land holdings to his nephew, Daniel Jenifer, and instructed that all his slaves be freed six years after his death.^[2] His family home was Retreat, located in Charles County, Maryland.^[3]

Jenifer Street in Madison, Wisconsin is named in his honor. ^[4]

References

1. ^ Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer's surname is Jenifer. According to Bro. C. Edward Quinn in Roots of the Republic: The Signers of the Constitution of the United States (Danbury, CT: Grolier Educational, 1996. p. 70.), the origin of Jenifer's unusual given name is unknown but it appears frequently in his family. His ancestors included great-grandfather Captain Daniel Jenifer (1637-1692/3) who was a loyalist sheriff in Accomack County, Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion and who later moved to the Eastern Shore of Maryland, grandfather Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer (1672–1730), and father, Dr. Daniel Jenifer (ca.1699–1729). Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer had a brother named Daniel Jenifer (1727–1795) who himself had two sons, one named Daniel of St. Thomas who died unmarried and one Dr. Daniel Jenifer (1756–1809). Dr. Daniel Jenifer in turn had sons named Daniel of St. Thomas (1789–1822) and Col. Daniel Jenifer (1791–1855; Congressman and ambassador). This Daniel Jenifer also had a son named Daniel and one named Daniel of St. Thomas (1814–1843).
2. ^ Papenfuse, Edward C., et al., "Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer (Jennifer)," in A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635–1789, Vol. I, I-Z (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 485–486.
3. ^ "Maryland Historical Trust". Retreat, Charles County. Maryland Historical Trust. 2008-06-08. http://mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?HDID=1012&COUNTY=Charles&FROM=NRCountyList.aspx?COUNTY=Charles. 
4. ^ Odd Wisconsin Archives. Wisconsinhistory.org (2006-03-29). Retrieved on 2011-10-18.

External links

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document "Daniel of St. Thomas Jennifer".

• Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Find-A-Grave profile

Political offices
Preceded by no one	President of the Maryland State Senate 1777–1780	Succeeded by Matthew Tilghman
Preceded by Matthew Tilghman	President of the Maryland State Senate 1780	Succeeded by George Plater