Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett

Patrick Blackett
Patrick Blackett, ca. 1950
Born	Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett 18 November 1897(1897-11-18) London, England
Died	13 July 1974(1974-07-13) (aged 76) London, England
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Cambridge University of London University of Manchester Imperial College
Alma mater	Osborne Naval College Cambridge University
Doctoral advisor	Ernest Rutherford
Doctoral students	Edward Bullard Keith Runcorn
Other notable students	Ishrat Hussain Usmani
Known for	Cloud chambers Cosmic rays Paleomagnetism
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1948)

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett OM CH FRS^[1] (18 November 1897 – 13 July 1974) was an English experimental physicist known for his work on cloud chambers, cosmic rays, and paleomagnetism. He also made a major contribution in World War II advising on military strategy and developing Operational Research. His left-wing views saw an outlet in third world development and in influencing policy in the Labour Government of the 1960s.

Biography

Early years

Blackett was born in Kensington, London, the son of Arthur Stuart Blackett, a stockbroker, and his wife Caroline Maynard. His younger sister was the psychoanalyst Marion Milner. His paternal grandfather Rev. Henry Blackett, brother of Edmund Blacket the Australian architect, was for many years Vicar of Croydon. His maternal grandfather Charles Maynard was an officer in the Royal Artillery at the time of the Indian Mutiny. The Blackett family lived successively at Kensington, Kenley, Woking and Guildford, Surrey, where Blackett went to preparatory school. His main hobbies were model aeroplanes and crystal radio. When he went for interview for entrance to the Royal Naval College, Osborne, Isle of Wight, Charles Rolls had completed his cross-channel flight the previous day and Blackett who had tracked the flight on his crystal set was able to expound lengthily on the subject. He was accepted and spent two years there before moving on to Dartmouth where he was `usually head of his class'.^[2]

In August 1914 on the outbreak of World War I Blackett was assigned to active service as a midshipman He was transferred to the Cape Verde Islands on HMS Carnarvon and was present at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. He was then transferred to HMS Barham and saw much action at the Battle of Jutland. While on HMS Barham, Blackett was co-inventor of a gunnery device on which the Admiralty took out a patent. In 1916 he applied to join the RNAS but his application was refused. In October that year he became a sub-lieutenant on Dover patrol, and in July 1917 he was posted to HMS Sturgeon in the Harwich Force under Admiral Tyrwhitt. Blackett was particularly concerned by the poor quality of gunnery in the force compared with that of the enemy and of his own previous experience, and started to read science textbooks. He was promoted to Lieutenant in May 1918, but had decided to leave the Navy. Then, in January 1919, the Admiralty sent the officers whose training had been interrupted by the war to Cambridge University for a course of general duties. On his first night at Magdalene College, Cambridge he met Kingsley Martin and Geoffrey Webb later recalling that he had never before, in his naval training, heard intellectual conversation. Blackett was impressed by the prestigious Cavendish Laboratory, and left the Navy to study mathematics and physics at Cambridge.^[3]

Academia and research

After graduating from Magdalene College in 1921, Blackett spent ten years working at the Cavendish Laboratory as an experimental physicist with Professor Rutherford and in 1923 became a fellow of Kings College, Cambridge, a position he held until 1933. Rutherford had found out that the nucleus of the nitrogen atom could be disintegrated by firing fast alpha particles into nitrogen. He asked Blackett to use a cloud chamber to find visible tracks of this disintegration, and by 1924, he had taken 23,000 photographs showing 415,000 tracks of ionized particles. Eight of these were forked, and this showed that the nitrogen atom-alpha particle combination had formed an atom of fluorine, which then disintegrated into an isotope of oxygen and a proton. Blackett spent some time in 1924-1925 at Göttingen, Germany working with James Franck on atomic spectra. In 1932, working with Giuseppe Occhialini, he devised a system of geiger counters which only took photographs when a cosmic ray particle traversed the chamber. They found 500 tracks of high energy cosmic ray particles in 700 automatic expansions. In 1933, Blackett discovered fourteen tracks which confirmed the existence of the positron and revealed the now instantly recognisable opposing spiral traces of positron/electron pair production. This work and that on annihilation radiation made him one of the first and leading experts on anti-matter. That same year he moved to Birkbeck College, University of London as Professor of Physics for four years. Then in 1937 he went to the Victoria University of Manchester where he was elected to the Langworthy Professorship and created a major international research laboratory. The Blackett Memorial Hall and Blackett lecture theatre at the University of Manchester were named after him.

In 1947, Blackett introduced a theory to account for the Earth's magnetic field as a function of its rotation, with the hope that it would unify both the electromagnetic force and the force of gravity. He spent a number of years developing high-quality magnetometers to test his theory, and eventually found it to be without merit. His work on the subject, however, led him into the field of geophysics, where he eventually helped process data relating to paleomagnetism and helped to provide strong evidence for continental drift.

In 1948 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his investigation of cosmic rays using his invention of the counter-controlled cloud chamber.

Professor Blackett was appointed Head of the Physics Department of Imperial College London in 1953 and retired in July, 1963. The current Physics department building of Imperial College is named the 'Blackett Laboratory'.

World War II and operational research

In 1935 Blackett was invited to join the Aeronautical Research Committee chaired by Sir Henry Tizard. The committee was effective pressing for the early installation of Radar for air defence. In the early part of World War II, Blackett served on various committees and spent time at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) Farnborough, where he made a major contribution to the design of the Mark XIV bomb sight which allowed bombs to be released without a level bombing run beforehand. In 1940-41 Blackett served on the MAUD Committee which concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible. He disagreed with the Committee's conclusion that Britain could produce an atomic bomb by 1943, and recommended that the project should be discussed with the Americans. He was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1940.

In August 1940 Blackett became scientific adviser to Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Pile, Commander in Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command and thus began the work that resulted in the field of study known as operational research (OR). He was Director of Operational Research with the Admiralty from 1942 to 1945, and his work improved the survival odds of convoys, presented counter-intuitive but correct recommendations for the armour-plating of aircraft and achieved many other successes. His aim, he said, was to find numbers on which to base strategy, not gusts of emotion. During the war he criticised the assumptions in Lord Cherwell's dehousing paper and sided with Tizard who argued that less resources should go to RAF Bomber Command for the area bombing offensive and more to the other armed forces.^[4][5] In this opinion he chafed against the existing military authority and was cut out of various circles of communications; after the war, the Allied Strategic Bombing Survey proved Blackett correct, however.

Politics

Blackett became friends with Kingsley Martin, later editor of the New Statesman, while an undergraduate and became committed to the left. Politically he identified himself as a socialist, and often campaigned on behalf of the Labour Party. In the late 1940s, Blackett became known for his radical political opinions, which included his belief that Britain ought not develop atomic weapons. He was considered too far to the left for the Labour Government 1945-1951 to employ, and he returned to academic life. His internationalism found expression in his strong support for India. There in 1947 he met Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought his advice on the research and development needs of the Indian armed forces and for the next 20 years he was a frequent visitor and advisor on military and civil science. These visits deepened his concern for the underprivileged and the poor. He was convinced that the problem could be solved by applying science and technology and he used his scientific prestige to try and persuade scientists that one of their first duties was to use their skill to ensure a decent life for all mankind. Before underdevelopment became a popular issue he proposed in a presidential address to the British Association that Britain should devote 1% of its national income to the economic improvement of the third world and he was later one of the prime movers in the foundation of the Overseas Development Institute. He was the senior member of a group of scientists which met regularly to discuss scientific and technological policy during the 13 years when the Labour Party was out of office, and this group became influential when Harold Wilson became leader of the Party. Blackett's ideas led directly to the creation of the Ministry of Technology as soon as the Wilson government was formed and he insisted that the first priority was revival of the computer industry. He did not enter open politics, but worked for a year as a civil servant. He remained deputy chairman of the Minister's Advisory Council throughout the administration's life, and was also personal scientific adviser to the Minister.

Personal life

Blackett had refused many honours in the manner of a radical of the twenties but accepted a Companion of Honour in 1965, and was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1967. He was created a life peer in 1969 as Baron Blackett, of Chelsea in Greater London. However, the greatest honour of all for him was when he was made President of the Royal Society in 1965. The crater Blackett on the Moon is named after him.

Blackett married Constanza Bayon in 1924. They had one son and one daughter.

Bernard Lovell wrote of Blackett "Those who worked with Blackett in the laboratory were dominated by his immensely powerful personality, and those who knew him elsewhere soon discovered that the public image thinly veiled a sensitive and humane spirit".^[6]

Edward Bullard said that he was the most versatile and best loved physicist of his generation and that his achievement was also without rival - "he was wonderfully intelligent, charming, fun to be with, dignified and handsome".^[7]

Publications

• Fear, War, and the Bomb: The Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy (1948)
• Atomic Weapons and East-West Relations (1956)

Influence in fiction

Blackett's theory of planetary magnetism and gravity were taken up by the science fiction author James Blish who cited the Blackett effect as the theoretical 'basis' behind his 'spindizzy' antigravity drive.

In his close friend C.P. Snow's novel sequence Strangers and Brothers, aspects of Blackett's personality are drawn upon for the left-wing physicist Francis Getliffe.^[8]

References

1. ^ Lovell, B. (1975). "Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett, of Chelsea. 18 November 1897-13 July 1974". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 21: 1–0. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1975.0001.  edit
2. ^ Bernard Lovell P. M. S. Blackett: A Biographical Memoir John Wright & Sons 1976 pp. 1-3
3. ^ Bernard Lovell P. M. S. Blackett: A Biographical Memoir John Wright & Sons 1976 pp. 3-5
4. ^ Norman Longmate; The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939-1945; Pub. [[Hutchinson (publisher)|]]; 1983; ISBN 0091515807 p. 132
5. ^ Peter Hore (ed). Patrick Blackett:Sailor, Scientist and Socialist, Frank Cass, 2003 p. 181
6. ^ Bernard Lovell P. M. S. Blackett: A Biographical Memoir John Wright & Sons 1976 (Preface)
7. ^ Edward Bullard in Nature' 250, 370 1974
8. ^ Nye, M. J. (1999), "A Physicist in the Corridors of Power: P. M. S. Blackett's Opposition to Atomic Weapons Following the War", Physics in Perspective (Birkhäuser) 1 (2): 136–156, Bibcode 1999PhP.....1..136N, doi:10.1007/s000160050013 .

External links

• Oral History interview transcript with Patrick Blackett 17 December 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
• Nobelprize.org Biography

Further reading

Books

• Mary Jo Nye, Blackett: Physics, War, and Politics in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).

Articles

• Times Obituary July 1974
• Anderson, Robert. Patrick Blackett in India: Military consultant and scientific intervenor, 1947–72. Part one Notes and Records of the Royal Society ISSN: 0035-9149 (Paper) 1743-0178 (Online) Issue: Volume 53, Number 2 / May 22, 1999 Pages: 253 - 273

• Staff. Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett website of www.nobel-winners.com
• Staff. Patrick M.S. Blackett - Biography website of the Nobel Foundation 1948
• Blog, Patrick M.S. Blackett – Biography about his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.
• Staff. The Imperial College Physics Department (the 'Blackett Lab') website of Imperial College London

Persondata
Name	Blackett, Patrick
Alternative names	Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart
Short description	British Physicist
Date of birth	18 November 1897
Place of birth	London, England
Date of death	13 July 1974
Place of death	London, England