Charles Rolls

Charles Rolls
Born	27 August 1877(1877-08-27) Berkeley Square, London
Died	12 July 1910(1910-07-12) (aged 32) Bournemouth
Nationality	United Kingdom
Work
Significant projects	Rolls-Royce
Signature

HRH The Duke of York, Lord Llangattock, Sir Charles Cust
and the Hon. C.S. Rolls at 'The Hendre', 1900

Charles Stewart Rolls (27 August 1877 - 12 July 1910) was a motoring and aviation pioneer. Together with Frederick Henry Royce he co-founded the Rolls-Royce car manufacturing firm. He was the first Briton to be killed in a flying accident, when the tail of his Wright Flyer broke off during a flying display near Bournemouth, England. He was aged 32.

Early life

Rolls was born in Berkeley Square, London, third son of the 1st Baron Llangattock. Despite his London birth, he retained a strong family connection with his ancestral home^[1] of The Hendre, near Monmouth, Wales. After attending Mortimer Vicarage Preparatory School in Berkshire, he was educated at Eton College where his developing interest in engines earned him the nickname dirty Rolls.^[2]

In 1894 he attended a private crammer in Cambridge which helped him gain entry to Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied Mechanical and Applied Science. In 1896, at the age of 18, he travelled to Paris to buy his first car, a Peugeot Phaeton, and joined the Automobile Club of France. His Peugeot is believed to have been the first car based in Cambridge, and one of the first three cars owned in Wales. An early motoring enthusiast, he joined the Self-Propelled Traffic Association which campaigned against the restrictions imposed on motor vehicles by the Locomotive Act, and became a founder member of the Automobile Club of Great Britain with which it merged 1897.^[3]

Rolls graduated from Cambridge University in 1898,^[4] and began working on the steam yacht Santa Maria followed by a position at the London and North Western Railway in Crewe.^[2] However, his talents lay more in salesmanship and motoring pioneering than practical engineering; in January 1903, with the help of £6,600 provided by his father, he started one of Britain's first car dealerships,^[5] C.S.Rolls & Co. based in Fulham, to import and sell French Peugeot and Belgian Minerva vehicles.

Rolls was a tall man, standing at about 1.95 m (6'5").

Partnership with Royce

Main article: Rolls-Royce Limited

Rolls was introduced to Henry Royce by a friend at the Automobile Club, Henry Edmunds, who was also a director of Royce Ltd. Edmunds showed him Royce's car and arranged the historic meeting between Rolls and Royce at the Midland Hotel, Manchester, on 4 May 1904. In spite of his preference for three or four cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the two-cylinder Royce 10 and in a subsequent agreement of 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make. These would be of two, three, four and six cylinders and would be badged as Rolls-Royces.

Bronze bust at Derby Industrial Museum

The first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904, although in the early advertising it was the name of Rolls that was emphasised over that of Royce. In 1906 Rolls and Royce formalised their partnership by creating Rolls-Royce Limited, with Rolls appointed Technical Managing Director on a salary of £750 per annum plus 4% of the profits in excess of £10,000. Rolls provided the financial backing and business acumen to complement Royce's technical expertise. In 1907 Rolls-Royce Limited bought out C.S. Rolls & Co.

Rolls put much effort into publicising the quietness and smoothness of the Rolls-Royce, and at the end of 1906 travelled to the USA to promote the new cars. The company was winning awards for the quality and reliability of its cars by 1907. But by 1909 Rolls' interest in the business was waning, and at the end of the year he resigned as Technical Managing Director and became a non-executive director.^[2]

Pioneer aviator

Rolls was also a pioneer aviator and initially, balloonist,^[5] making over 170 balloon ascents. He was a founding member of the Royal Aero Club in 1903 and was the second person in Britain to be licensed to fly by it.^[6] In 1903 he also won the Gordon Bennett Gold Medal for the longest single flight time.

By 1907 Rolls' interest turned increasingly to flying, and he tried unsuccessfully to persuade Royce to design an aero engine. In 1909 he bought one of six Wright Flyer aircraft built by Short Brothers under licence from the Wright Brothers, and made more than 200 flights. On 2 June 1910, he became the first man to make a non-stop double crossing of the English Channel by plane,^[5] taking 95 minutes – faster than Blériot. For this feat, which included the first East-bound crossing of the English Channel, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club.^[7] There is a statue to commemorate the flight in the town square at Monmouth and at Dover.

Death

Statue of Rolls in Agincourt Square, Monmouth

Rolls Family graves, Llangattock-Vibon-Avel, Monmouthshire

On 12 July 1910, at the age of 32, Rolls was killed in an air crash at Hengistbury Airfield ^[8] Bournemouth when the tail of his Wright Flyer broke off during a flying display. He was the first Briton to be killed in an aeronautical accident with a powered aircraft, and the eleventh internationally. A statue in his memory, in which he is seen holding a biplane model, was erected in Agincourt Square, Monmouth. A further memorial to him is situated in the bottom playing field of St Peter's School, which was built on the site of Hengistbury Airfield. There is also a statue of him beside Dover harbour in Kent as a memorial to him being the first person to cross the channel in both directions during one flight, on June 2, 1910.

His grave lies in a little known corner of Monmouthshire at the church of Llangattock-Vibon-Avel, where many of the Rolls family lie buried in various family tombs. His grave is just below Llangattock Manor and bears the inscription Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God.

References

1. ^ "The Hendre". Geograph Britain and Ireland. http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/372038. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Pugh, Peter (2001). The Magic of a Name - The Rolls-Royce Story: The First 40 Years. Icon Books. ISBN 1840461519. 
3. ^ Vance, James (1992). Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813526914. 
4. ^ Rolls, the Hon. Charles Stewart in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922–1958.
5. ^ ^{a b c} "Charles Rolls". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/historical_figures/charles_rolls.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 
6. ^ "The Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom - Official Notices to Members" (PDF). Flight: 185. 3 1910. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1910/1910%20-%200189.html. Retrieved 2011-06-29.  - March 12, 1910
7. ^ "Royal Aero Club Awards & Trophies". The Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom. http://www.royalaeroclub.org/awardGold.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 
8. ^ "Hengistbury Head In the 20th Century". Hengistbury Head. http://www.hengistbury-head.co.uk/history20.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 

External links

• Works written by or about Charles Stewart Rolls at Wikisource
• "Charles Rolls of Monmouthshire, co-founder of the world famous Rolls-Royce company". Famous Welsh. http://www.famouswelsh.com/07_adventurers/profiles/Charles_Rolls.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-29.  - More about Charles Rolls
• "Charles Rolls". Early Birds of Aviation, Inc.. http://www.earlyaviators.com/erolls.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-29.  - Transcription of the report of his death in a contemporary newspaper
• "Search". Gathering the Jewels. http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/search/words/Charles%20Rolls/. Retrieved 2011-06-29.  - Old Photo of Rolls and the Royal Family
• "Untitled Document". U.S. Centennial of Flight. NASA. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/user/news_releases/monmouth_img.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-29.  - Charles Rolls goes on his first aeroplane flight with Wilbur Wright on October 8, 1908 at Camp D'Auvours, France

Persondata
Name	Rolls, Charles
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	27 August 1877
Place of birth	Berkeley Square, London
Date of death	12 July 1910
Place of death	Bournemouth