Battle of the Falkland Islands

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of the Falkland Islands
partof=World War I


caption=
date=8 December 1914
place=South Atlantic, near the Falkland Islands
result=Decisive British victory
combatant1=flagicon|United Kingdom United Kingdom
combatant2=flagicon|German Empire Germany
commander1=flagicon|United Kingdom|naval Doveton Sturdee
commander2=flagicon|German Empire|naval Maximilian von Spee †
strength1=2 battlecruisers
3 armoured cruisers
2 light cruisers and
1 grounded pre-dreadnought
strength2=2 armoured cruisers
3 light cruisers
3 transports
casualties1=10 killed
19 wounded
No ships lost
casualties2=1,871 killed
215 captured
2 armoured cruisers
2 light cruisers sunk
2 transports captured and subsequently scuttledThe Battle of the Falkland Islands was a British naval victory over the Imperial German Navy on 8 December 1914 during the First World War in the South Atlantic. The British, embarrassed by a defeat at the Battle of Coronel on 1 November, sent a large force to track down and destroy the German cruiser squadron responsible.

Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee commanding the German squadron of two armoured cruisers, SMS "Scharnhorst" and SMS "Gneisenau", and three light cruisers, "Nürnberg", "Dresden" and "Leipzig" attempted to raid the British supply base at Stanley on the Falkland Isles. A larger British squadron of two battlecruisers, HMS "Invincible" and HMS "Inflexible", three armoured cruisers, HMS "Carnarvon", HMS "Cornwall" and HMS "Kent", and two light cruisers, HMS "Bristol" and HMS "Glasgow", had arrived in the port only the day before.

Visibility was at its maximum: the sea was placid with a gentle breeze from the north west, the sun bright, the sky clear. The advance cruisers of the German squadron had been detected early on, and by nine o'clock that morning the British battle-cruisers and cruisers were in hot pursuit of the five German vessels, these having taken flight in line abreast to the south-east. All except "Dresden" were hunted down and sunk.

Background

The British battle cruisers mounted eight convert|12|in|mm|0|sing=on guns apiece, whereas Spee's SMS "Scharnhorst" and SMS "Gneisenau" each had eight convert|8.2|in|mm|0|sing=on guns. Additionally, the battle cruisers could make 25½ knots against Spee's 22½ knots. Thus the British battle cruisers could outrun their opponents and significantly outgun them. An obsolete pre-dreadnought battleship, HMS "Canopus", had also been grounded at Stanley to give a stable gunnery platform and act as a make-shift fortress for the defence of the area.

Von Spee's squadron

Following Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee's success on 1 November 1914 at the Battle of Coronel, off the coast of Valparaiso, Chile, where his German East Asia Squadron sank the cruisers HMS "Good Hope" (Admiral Cradock's flagship) and HMS "Monmouth", von Spee's force put into Valparaíso. As required under international law for belligerent ships in neutral countries, the ships left within 24 hours, moving to Mas Afuera, 400 miles off the Chilean coast. There they received news of the loss of SMS "Emden", which had previously detached from the squadron and had been raiding in the Indian Ocean. They also learned of the fall of the German colony at Tsingtao in China, which had been their home port. On 15 November the squadron moved to Bahia San Quintin on the Chilean coast, where a ceremony was held to distribute 300 Iron Cross, second class, amongst the crew, and an Iron Cross, first class, awarded to Admiral Spee. ['Castles' p. 251-252]

Spee also received recommendations to return to Germany, if he could. His ships had used half their ammunition at Coronel, which could not be replaced, and had difficulties obtaining coal. Intelligence reports suggested that the British ships "Defence", "Cornwall" and "Carnarvon" were stationed in the river Plate, and that there had been no British warships at Stanley when recently visited by a steamer. Spee had been concerned about reports of a British battleship, the "Canopus", but its location was unknown. On 26 November the squadron set sail for Cape Horn, which was reached on 1 December, then anchored at Picton Island, where they stayed for three days distributing coal from a captured British freighter, and hunting. On 6 December Spee proposed to raid the Falkland Islands before turning north. The raid was unnecessary, because the squadron already had as much coal as they could carry, and was opposed by most of Spee's captains, but he decided to proceed. ['Castles' p.253-256]

British preparations

On 30 October Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fisher was appointed First Sea Lord to replace Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg, who was forced to resign because of public outcry against a German prince running the British navy. On 3 November Fisher was advised that Spee had been sighted off Valparaiso and acted to reinforce Cradock by ordering HMS Defence, already sent to patrol the eastern coast of South America, to reinforce his squadron. On 4 November news of the defeat at Coronel arrived. As a result, the battlecruisers "Invincible" and "Inflexible" were ordered to leave the Grand Fleet and sail to Plymouth for overhaul and preparation for service abroad. Chief of Staff at the Admiralty was Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee. Fisher had a long standing disagreement with Sturdee, who had been one of those calling for his earlier dismissal as First Sea Lord in 1911, so he took the opportunity to appoint Sturdee Commander in Chief, South Atlantic and Pacific, to command the new squadron from "Invincible". ['Castles' p. 248]

On 11 November "Invincible" and "Inflexible" left Devonport, although repairs to "Invincible" were incomplete and she sailed with workmen still onboard. Despite the urgency of the situation and their maximum speed of around 25 knots, the ships travelled at a steady 10 knots. Running at high speed used a disproportionately greater quantity of coal, so to complete the long journey it was necessary to travel at the most economic speed. The two ships were also heavily loaded with supplies. Secrecy of the mission was considered important so as to surprise Spee, but on 17 November, Lieutenant Hirst from "Glasgow" heard locals discussing the forthcoming arrival of the ships while ashore at Cape Verde. The news failed to reach Spee. Sturdee arrived at the Abrolhos Rocks on 26 November, where Rear Admiral Stoddart awaited him with the remainder of the squadron. ['Castles' p. 249]

Sturdee announced his intention to depart for the Falkland Islands on 29 November. From there, the fast light cruisers "Glasgow" and "Bristol" would patrol seeking Spee, summoning reinforcements if they found him. Captain Luce of "Glasgow", who had been at the battle of Coronel, objected that there was no need to wait so long and persuaded Sturdee to depart a day early. The squadron was delayed during the journey for 12 hours when a cable towing targets for practice firing became wrapped around one propellor on "Invincible", but the ships arrived on the morning of 7 December. The two light cruisers moored in the inner part of Stanley Harbour, while the larger ships remained in the deeper outer harbour of Port William. Divers set about removing the cable wrapped around "Invincibles" propellor. "Cornwall" extinguised her boiler fires to make repairs, and "Bristol" dismantled one of her engines. The armoured merchant cruiser "Macedonia" was ordered to patrol the harbour, while "Kent" maintained steam in her boilers, ready to replace "Macedonia" the next day. Spee attacked on 8 December. ['Castles' p.249-251]

Battle

Spee's cruisers, the "Gneisenau" and "Nürnberg", approached Stanley first. At the time, the entire British fleet was coaling. Had Spee pressed the attack, not only would Sturdee's ships have been easy targets, but any ship that tried to leave would have faced the full firepower of the German ships, and having a vessel sunk could block the rest of the British squadron in the harbour. Fortunately for the British, the Germans were surprised by gunfire from an unknown source: the "Canopus" which had been grounded as a guardship and was behind a hill. This was enough to check the cruisers' advance. The sight of the distinctive tripod masts of the British battlecruisers confirmed that they were facing a better equipped enemy. The "Kent" was already making way out of the harbour and was ordered to follow them.

Already aware of the German ships, Sturdee had ordered the crews to breakfast, knowing that the "Canopus" had bought them time while steam was raised.

To Spee, with his crew battle-weary and his ships outgunned, the outcome was seemingly inevitable. Realising his danger too late — and having missed the golden opportunity to shell Sturdee's fleet while in port — Spee and his squadron dashed for the open sea, the armoured cruisers leading left port around 10:00. Spee was ahead by convert|15|mi|km|0 but there was a lot of daylight left for the faster battlecruisers to catch up.

It was nearly one o'clock when the British battlecruisers opened fire and it took them half an hour to get the range of the "Leipzig". Realising that he could not hope to outrun the fast British battle cruisers, Spee decided to engage them with his armoured cruisers alone, to give the light cruisers a chance to escape, just after 13:20. The German armoured cruisers had the advantage of being to windward of a freshening north-west breeze, causing the funnel smoke of the battlecruisers to obscure their target practically throughout the action. Author Hans Pochhammer indicates that there was a long respite during the early stages of the battle while the battle-cruisers attempted to lure Admiral Spee away from his advantageous position, but failed to do so.

Despite initial success by "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" in striking "Invincible", the British capital ships suffered little damage, thanks to their heavier armour. Spee then resumed the hasty escape, but the battlecruisers were within extreme firing range some forty minutes later.

"Invincible" and "Inflexible" engaged "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau", Sturdee detached the cruisers to chase the "Leipzig" and "Nürnberg".

"Inflexible" and "Invincible" turned to fire broadsides at the armoured cruisers and Spee responded by trying to close the range. His flagship "Scharnhorst" took extensive damage with funnels flattened, fires and a list. The list became worse at 16:04 and she sank by 16:17. All hands were lost. "Gneisenau" continued to fire and evade until 17:15 by which time her ammunition had gone and her crew allowed her to sink, going down at 18:02. During her death throes, Admiral Sturdee continued to engage "Gneisenau" with his two battlecruisers and the cruiser "Carnarvon" rather than detaching one of the battle cruisers to hunt down the escaping "Dresden". Of the "Gneisenau"'s crew, 190 were rescued from the water. The battlecruisers had received about 40 hits and lost one man, with four more injured.

Meanwhile, "Nürnberg" and "Leipzig" had run from the British cruisers. The "Nürnberg" was running at full speed but in need of maintenance, while the crew of the pursuing "Kent" were pushing her boilers and engines to the limit. "Nurnberg" finally turned to battle at 17:30. "Kent" had the advantage in shell weight and armour. "Nurnberg" suffered two boiler explosions around 18:30, giving the advantage in speed and manoeuvre to "Kent". She then rolled over at 19:27 after a long chase. The cruisers "Glasgow" and "Cornwall" had chased down "Leipzig". "Glasgow" closed to finish "Leipzig" which had run out of ammunition but was still flying her battle ensign. She fired two flares, so "Glasgow" halted fire. At 21:23, more than convert|80|mi|km|-1 southeast of the Falklands, she rolled over, leaving only 18 survivors.

Outcome

Ten British sailors were killed during the battle and 19 wounded; none of the British ships was badly damaged. In contrast, 1,871 German sailors were killed in the encounter, including Admiral Spee and his two sons. A further 215 survivors were rescued and ended up prisoners on the British ships. Most of them were from the "Gneisenau", five from the "Nürnberg" and 18 from the "Leipzig". None of the 765 officers and men from the "Scharnhorst" survived.

Of the known German force of eight ships, two escaped: the auxiliary "Seydlitz" and the light cruiser "Dresden", which roamed at large for a further three months before her captain surrendered off the Juan Fernández Islands on 14 March 1915. Evacuating his ship, he then scuttled her by detonating its main ammunition magazine.

As a consequence of the battle, German commerce raiding on the high seas by regular warships of the Kaiserliche Marine was brought to an end. However, Germany put several armed merchant vessels into service as commerce raiders until the end of the war (for example, see Felix von Luckner).

German auxiliaries

Sturdee noted that "information was received from the captain of HMS "Bristol" at 11:27 a.m. that three enemy ships had appeared off Port Pleasant (not many miles below Stanley on the east coast of East Falkland), probably colliers or transports. The captain was therefore directed to take charge also of the "Macedonia" under his orders and destroy the transports." At the end of his report, Sturdee returned briefly to the matter of the German transports. "HMS "Macedonia" reported that only two ships, steamers "Baden" and "Santa Isabel" were present: both ships were sunk after removal of the crews." Fact|date=June 2007

During the night of 7 December the German auxiliaries had steamed up under cover of darkness and anchored close inshore.Fact|date=June 2007

The German support vessels are believed to have been five. Two of these, the steamers "Mera" and "Elinore Woermann", sailed from the River Plate on 4 December 1914 for an unspecified destination loaded with cement, rolls of barbed wire, entrenching equipment and provisions. It is thought that they had been headed for the Falklands; they returned to the River Plate on or about 11 December.Fact|date=June 2007

The collier "Baden", about 7,500 tons, was a HAPAG ship built in 1913. The collier "Santa Isabel", about 5,200 tons, was a Hamburg-Sud Amerika ship built in 1914. Both were modern colliers which would have made a useful addition to the British mercantile fleet if taken as prizes, yet they were both sunk within convert|50|mi|km|-1 of Port Stanley. The two steamers were apparently overtaken by the "Bristol" and "Macedonia" at about 1 p.m and the crews "given ten minutes to abandon ship". The British boarding parties remained aboard the "Santa Isabel" for seven hours, and eight and a half hours aboard "Baden" before the colliers were sunk.Fact|date=June 2007

The fifth ship was probably the Norddeutscher Lloyd passenger liner "Seydlitz", built at F. Schichau shipyard in 1903. Able to accommodate 2,000 persons, she was past her best, but could make convert|14|kn|km/h|0.Fact|date=June 2007 The day before the outbreak of war, "Seydlitz" sailed from Sydney and reached Argentina unscathed, laying up at Bahía Blanca at the southern end of Buenos Aires province. Early in November 1914, she made the voyage from there to Valparaiso in Chile, which was the principal mobilisation centre for German reservists and volunteers from all parts of South America.Fact|date=June 2007

According to the memoirs ("Graf Spees Letzte Fahrt", Leipzig, 1924) of Fregattenkapitän Hans Pochhammer, First Officer of the armoured cruiser SMS "Gneisenau" and senior surviving German officer of the Falklands battle, the German East Asia Squadron had been hiding in the Gulf of Penas along the southern coast of Chile during the latter part of November 1914, in order to load new stores and refit. It was joined there on or about December 21 by "Seydlitz", arriving from Valparaiso. Pochhammer was mystified by this liner, for although bearing no outward markings, she was described as "a hospital ship". He could not understand the need for such a vessel, since each of the five warships had adequate medical facilities, sick bays and shared a total of eleven surgeons. Pochhammer was unable to gain access to "Seydlitz", and no member of her alleged "medical staff" was ever seen.Fact|date=June 2007

Pochhammer confirms that the three auxiliaries were present at Picton Island in the Beagle Channel in early December 1914. They did not leave for the Falklands in company with the five warships on the evening of 7 December, and may have gone on earlier. Pochhammer states that during his captivity at Port Stanley, he was kept aboard HMS "Macedonia" for part of the time. In conversation with her officers, when he asked them what had become of "Seydlitz" he was told,

"She came out of Port Pleasant like a bat out of hell. "Macedonia" and "Bristol" had to take a steamer apiece allowing "Seydlitz" to head for the south and west and so escape, we all thought she was an armed merchant cruiser." Fact|date=June 2007

Upon her arrival in Argentine waters, "Seydlitz" put into San Antonio Oeste and declared herself to be "a hospital ship". The Argentine authorities were not deceived and interned her as a German naval auxiliary. She was interned there for the remainder of the war.Fact|date=June 2007

References

*Keegan, John: "Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda", Knopf, 2003 ISBN 0-375-40053-2
*Pochhammer, Hans: "Graf Spees letzte Fahrt", Hase & Koehler, 1924
*cite book |author=Robert Massie |title= |location=London |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=2004 |isbn=0224 040928
*Cite book |author= Arthur Marder |title=From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow (5 Vols) |year= 1961-1970 |location= London |publisher= Oxford University Press

ee also

External links

* [http://www.gwpda.org/naval/j0600000.htm Description of the battle from the diary of Captain JD Allen RN (HMS "Kent")]
* [http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/falkland.html Battle of the Falkland Islands]
* [http://www.gwpda.org/naval/corfalkp.htm Battles of Coronel and the Falklands - a Pictorial Look]